linux的sudo命令详解
linux下的sudo命令以系统管理者的身份执行指令，下面由学习啦小编为大家搜集整理了linux的sudo命令详解的相关知识，希望对大家有帮助!
linux的sudo命令详解
学习啦在线学习网 Linux sudo命令以系统管理者的身份执行指令，也就是说，经由 sudo 所执行的指令就好像是 root 亲自执行。
学习啦在线学习网 使用权限：在 /etc/sudoers 中有出现的使用者。
语法
sudo -V
sudo -h
sudo -l
sudo -v
sudo -k
sudo -s
sudo -H
sudo [ -b ] [ -p prompt ] [ -u username/#uid] -s
学习啦在线学习网 sudo command
参数说明：
学习啦在线学习网 -V 显示版本编号
学习啦在线学习网 -h 会显示版本编号及指令的使用方式说明
-l 显示出自己(执行 sudo 的使用者)的权限
学习啦在线学习网 -v 因为 sudo 在第一次执行时或是在 N 分钟内没有执行(N 预设为五)会问密码，这个参数是重新做一次确认，如果超过 N 分钟，也会问密码
-k 将会强迫使用者在下一次执行 sudo 时问密码(不论有没有超过 N 分钟)
-b 将要执行的指令放在背景执行
-p prompt 可以更改问密码的提示语，其中 %u 会代换为使用者的帐号名称， %h 会显示主机名称
学习啦在线学习网 -u username/#uid 不加此参数，代表要以 root 的身份执行指令，而加了此参数，可以以 username 的身份执行指令(#uid 为该 username 的使用者号码)
-s 执行环境变数中的 SHELL 所指定的 shell ，或是 /etc/passwd 里所指定的 shell
学习啦在线学习网 -H 将环境变数中的 HOME (家目录)指定为要变更身份的使用者家目录(如不加 -u 参数就是系统管理者 root )
学习啦在线学习网 command 要以系统管理者身份(或以 -u 更改为其他人)执行的指令
linux的sudo命令实例
学习啦在线学习网 sudo命令使用
学习啦在线学习网 $ sudo ls
学习啦在线学习网 [sudo] password for hnlinux:
学习啦在线学习网 hnlinux is not in the sudoers file. This incident will be reported.
指定用户执行命令
# sudo -u userb ls -l
显示sudo设置
$ sudo -L //显示sudo设置
Available options in a sudoers ``Defaults'' line:
学习啦在线学习网 syslog: Syslog facility if syslog is being used for logging
syslog_goodpri: Syslog priority to use when user authenticates successfully
syslog_badpri: Syslog priority to use when user authenticates unsuccessfully
long_otp_prompt: Put OTP prompt on its own line
学习啦在线学习网 ignore_dot: Ignore '.' in $PATH
mail_always: Always send mail when sudo is run
mail_badpass: Send mail if user authentication fails
学习啦在线学习网 mail_no_user: Send mail if the user is not in sudoers
mail_no_host: Send mail if the user is not in sudoers for this host
mail_no_perms: Send mail if the user is not allowed to run a command
学习啦在线学习网 tty_tickets: Use a separate timestamp for each user/tty combo
学习啦在线学习网 lecture: Lecture user the first time they run sudo
学习啦在线学习网 lecture_file: File containing the sudo lecture
authenticate: Require users to authenticate by default
学习啦在线学习网 root_sudo: Root may run sudo
log_host: Log the hostname in the (non-syslog) log file
学习啦在线学习网 log_year: Log the year in the (non-syslog) log file
shell_noargs: If sudo is invoked with no arguments, start a shell
set_home: Set $HOME to the target user when starting a shell with -s
always_set_home: Always set $HOME to the target user's home directory
path_info: Allow some information gathering to give useful error messages
学习啦在线学习网 fqdn: Require fully-qualified hostnames in the sudoers file
insults: Insult the user when they enter an incorrect password
学习啦在线学习网 requiretty: Only allow the user to run sudo if they have a tty
env_editor: Visudo will honor the EDITOR environment variable
rootpw: Prompt for root's password, not the users's
runaspw: Prompt for the runas_default user's password, not the users's
targetpw: Prompt for the target user's password, not the users's
use_loginclass: Apply defaults in the target user's login class if there is one
set_logname: Set the LOGNAME and USER environment variables
学习啦在线学习网 stay_setuid: Only set the effective uid to the target user, not the real uid
preserve_groups: Don't initialize the group vector to that of the target user
loglinelen: Length at which to wrap log file lines (0 for no wrap)
timestamp_timeout: Authentication timestamp timeout
passwd_timeout: Password prompt timeout
学习啦在线学习网 passwd_tries: Number of tries to enter a password
学习啦在线学习网 umask: Umask to use or 0777 to use user's
logfile: Path to log file
mailerpath: Path to mail program
学习啦在线学习网 mailerflags: Flags for mail program
学习啦在线学习网 mailto: Address to send mail to
mailfrom: Address to send mail from
mailsub: Subject line for mail messages
badpass_message: Incorrect password message
timestampdir: Path to authentication timestamp dir
timestampowner: Owner of the authentication timestamp dir
学习啦在线学习网 exempt_group: Users in this group are exempt from password and PATH requirements
学习啦在线学习网 passprompt: Default password prompt
passprompt_override: If set, passprompt will override system prompt in all cases.
runas_default: Default user to run commands as
学习啦在线学习网 secure_path: Value to override user's $PATH with
editor: Path to the editor for use by visudo
学习啦在线学习网 listpw: When to require a password for 'list' pseudocommand
学习啦在线学习网 verifypw: When to require a password for 'verify' pseudocommand
noexec: Preload the dummy exec functions contained in 'noexec_file'
noexec_file: File containing dummy exec functions
学习啦在线学习网 ignore_local_sudoers: If LDAP directory is up, do we ignore local sudoers file
学习啦在线学习网 closefrom: File descriptors >= %d will be closed before executing a command
学习啦在线学习网 closefrom_override: If set, users may override the value of `closefrom' with the -C option
setenv: Allow users to set arbitrary environment variables
学习啦在线学习网 env_reset: Reset the environment to a default set of variables
env_check: Environment variables to check for sanity
env_delete: Environment variables to remove
env_keep: Environment variables to preserve
学习啦在线学习网 role: SELinux role to use in the new security context
type: SELinux type to use in the new security context
学习啦在线学习网 askpass: Path to the askpass helper program
env_file: Path to the sudo-specific environment file
学习啦在线学习网 sudoers_locale: Locale to use while parsing sudoers
visiblepw: Allow sudo to prompt for a password even if it would be visisble
pwfeedback: Provide visual feedback at the password prompt when there is user input
fast_glob: Use faster globbing that is less accurate but does not access the filesystem
umask_override: The umask specified in sudoers will override the user's, even if it is more permissive
以root权限执行上一条命令
$ sudo !!
以特定用户身份进行编辑文本
$ sudo -u uggc vi ~www/index.html
//以 uggc 用户身份编辑 home 目录下www目录中的 index.html 文件
列出目前的权限
sudo -l
列出 sudo 的版本资讯
sudo -V