雅思阅读机经：GeneralTrainingBPterosaurs
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雅思阅读机经：General Training B Pterosaurs
A Pterosaurs stand out as one of nature's great success stories. They first appeared during the Triassic period, 215 million years ago, and thrived for 150 million years before becoming extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period. Uncontested in the air, pterosaurs colonized all continents and evolved into a vast array of shapes and sizes.
B Until recently, most scientists would not have put pterosaurs in the same class as birds in terms of flying ability. Because pterosaurs were reptiles, generations of researchers imagined that those creatures must have boon cold-blooded, like modern snakes and lizards. This would have made flying awkward, as they would have lacked the endurance to power their muscles for long periods of time.
C In the past three decades, however, a number of fossil discoveries have prompted researchers to re-examine their views. The new picture of pterosaurs reveals that they were unlike any modern reptile. From a fossil discovered in Kazakhstan, scientists suspect that pterosaurs had a covering resembling fur. If so, this detail provides evidence of a warm-blooded body that could maintain the kind of effort needed to stay in the air. Indeed, scientists now believe that many pterosaurs were gifted air?borne predators, built to feed while in flight. And, in fact, such controversy has surrounded pterosaurs since the first discovery of one in the early 1700s.
D Cosimo Alessandro Collini, the first natural historian to study the fossil and describe it, was unable to classify it. It was not until 1791 that the great French anatomist Georges Cuvier deduced that the animal was in fact a flying reptile, whose fourth finger supported a wing. Ho named the fossil Pterodactylus, combining the Greek words for wing and finger. A few decades later, the name pterosaur, or winged reptile, was adopted to describe the growing list of similar fossils.
E In 1873, a remarkable pterosaur specimen came to light that confirmed Cuvier's deduction. Unlike earlier fossils, this new find near the Bavarian town of Solnhofen contained delicate wing impressions, establishing definitely that the extinct reptile was capable of flight. Even though over a thousand pterosaur specimens are known today, such wing impressions remain rare. Normally only bones survive the fossilization process
学习啦在线学习网F But how pterosaurs learnt to fly remains a matter for disagreement. Most researchers conclude that pterosaurs are descended from a small tree-dwelling reptile that spent its life jumping between branches. This creature would have spread its limbs, and used flaps of skin attached to its limbs and body to help it to land gently on the ground. Over many generations the fourth finger on each of its front "arms" would have grown longer, making the skin surface larger and enabling the animal to glide farther. Meanwhile, the competing argument holds that pterosaurs developed from two-legged reptiles that ran along the ground, perhaps spreading their arms for balance. Through gradual growth, the front arms would then have evolved into wings. This difficult issue w.ill only be resolved with the discovery of earlier forms of pterosaurs.
G It's very difficult to say how pterosaurs changed over time because the earliest fossils we have are of pterosaurs whose fourth finger has already transformed into a wing/ says Fabio daila Vecchia, an Italian researcher. In fact, the earliest known pterosaurs came from the mountains of northern Italy, where he has spent years searching for flying reptiles. These species have shorter wings than later forms, but there is evidence that they were skilful fliers, capable of catching fish over open water. Proof of this has been found in the fossil of a Eudimorphodon, a 215-million-year- old pterosaur found near Bergamo, Italy. Under a microscope, several fish scales ,can be seen in the abdomen of the specimen - the remains of the pterosaur's last meal.
H A different but equally impressive sight is the life-size model of Quetzalcoatlus northroph which stares down at visitors in the Museum of Flying in Santa Monica, California. It has a beak the size of a man and wings wider than those of many of the planes exhibited nearby. This pterosaur had wings over 11 meters wide, making it the largest flying animal ever known.
学习啦在线学习网I Quetzalcoatlus represents the height of pterosaur evolution. 'Unlike smaller pterosaurs, it could use natural currents to stay in the air without having to move its wings continuously' said Paul MacCready, an aeronautical engineer. 'As pterosaurs got larger, they discovered the benefits of gliding on air currents, making use of a free energy source. With their hollow bones, these pterosaurs had a very light construction, ideal for such activity.'
J As we walked beneath the Quetzalcoatlus model in Santa Monica, MacCready pointed out its similarity to sailplanes, the most efficient kind of aero planes.
学习啦在线学习网Both have long slender wings designed to fly with minimum power. During flight, sailplane pilots routinely search for places where heat rises from sun-baked earth, creating hot air currents called thermals. Undoubtedly, Quetzalcoatlus would have used thermals as well, lazily circling over the river deltas that one covered parts of Texas.
K The triumphant reign of pterosaurs ended with this giant flier. At the end of the Cretaceous period 65 million years ago, a meteorite or comet slammed into the Earth. That calamity - and other events 一 wiped out roughly three quart ers of all species, including all pterosaurs and dinosaurs. But before their disappearance, pterosaurs enjoyed unequalled success. They flew into sunny skies before any other vertebrate. For 150 million years they sailed the winds on the strength of a fragile finger. What a glorious ride they had.
Questions 28-34
学习啦在线学习网The text has eleven paragraphs, A-K.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-K, in boxes 28-34 on your answer sheet.
学习啦在线学习网28、similarities between pterosaurs and mechanical flight
29、the identification of the type of creature a pterosaur actually was
30、conflicting theories about how pterosaurs came to fly
学习啦在线学习网31、the cause of widespread destruction of animal life on our planet
学习啦在线学习网32、the fact that pterosaurs once existed all over the world
33、the first clear proof that pterosaurs could fly
34、concrete evidence that pterosaurs hunted their food from the air
Questions 35-38
Look at the following statements (Questions 35-38) and the list of people below.
Match each statement with the correct person, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in boxes 35-38 on your answer sheet.
35、He refers to the difficulty of determining how pterosaurs evolved without further evidence.
36、He failed to interpret the evidence before him.
37、He gave an appropriate name to the first pterosaur (hat was discovered.
38、He mentions the ability of pterosaurs to take advantage of their environment.
List of People
学习啦在线学习网A Cosimo Alessandro Collini
B Georges Cuvier
学习啦在线学习网C Fabio dalla Vecchia
D Paul MacCready
Questions 39 and 40
Complete the sentences below.
学习啦在线学习网Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS ANDIOR A NUMBER from the text for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 39 and 40 on your answer sheet.
39、So far, evidence of a total of...........................pterosaurs has been discovered.
40、The wings of Quetzalcoatlus measured more than...........................across.
影响雅思阅读五大基本因素
第一个影响雅思阅读分数的因素就是词汇。必须在阅读文章中记忆，每篇文章做完题目，要整理一下单词，然后再运用到阅读其他文章中去，这叫从阅读中来，会阅读中去。效果比较明显。不要盲目地扩充大量单词，要有针对性，针对雅思阅读，要知道雅思阅读常考那些词。这可从广泛接触雅思阅读文章中，对单词有感觉。
第二个是语法。阅读中很多题目是在考查语法，都是暗地里考。特别是主观题，还有题目与原文的一些改写，都是建立在语法的基础上的。我们要注意一些关系，比如说对比对照关系，因果关系，因为两事物一旦有了关系，就热闹了，就比较好出题了。
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学习啦在线学习网第四个是文章的背景。这是影响雅思阅读分数最不明显的因素。雅思阅读文章的背景我们也要熟悉，比如交通能源污染，这是雅思考试永恒的话题。我们比须积累这方面的常识，背景。另外还有建筑，动植物，医疗健康，公司管理，高科技等等。
第五个是雅思阅读题目的类型。其实这是影响雅思阅读分数的最明显的因素。十多种题目类型可以进行以下划分，实力题与技巧题，必考题与选考题，主观题与客观题。这样的话，考生就比较容易把握题目类型了，而且可以根据自己的实际水平，调整做题的先后顺序。比如说，一个实力稍微弱点的学生，就要先去找填图填表，匹配，简答这类的题目做。而像判断题能做就做，如果有的连提干都看不懂，那只能根据一般规律去做，也就是蒙。这是没有办法的办法。但总比你在那浪费上十多分钟强，但也不能空着。
学习啦在线学习网影响雅思阅读分数的这五个方面，大家都要针对性很强地下功夫。前期熟悉题型，研究题型，学会定位，调整做题的顺序和不太好的习惯。后期研究雅思文章，积累常考得替换词，攻破常考得语法难点。适当背诵甚至默写一定量的重要句子。
雅思阅读--遇见回答问题怎样两三词答对
回答问题是根据所给文章或图表回答问题。在IELTS阅读测试中通常是用下列单词提问：. what、which、when、where、who、whose、whom、why、 how 等。除了利用上述单词进行提问外，有时会在答题指引中将所提问题列出。
回答问题答题步骤：
学习啦在线学习网1. 仔细查看答题指引，了解回答何种问题。
2. 查看例句，确定答题方式。
3. 要确定问句的种类，一般疑问句可按正常形式回答(例如：yes/no)，如果是选择疑问句或者是以wh/how开头的问句就一定要具体回答
4. 仔细理解问句所提问题。
学习啦在线学习网5. 特别要注意问句中所提问题的关键词语(例如：单数、复数)，以及问句中表明数量、时间、地点的词语。
学习啦在线学习网6. 将问句中的关键词语与文章中相关句子中的词语进行匹配。
7. 确定问句与文章中相关句子含义是否一致，得出答案。
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