初中英语语法大汇总
来,我们的初中生们,来一起学习一下这个英语语法,接下来,小编给大家准备了初中英语语法大汇总,欢迎大家参考与借鉴。
初中英语语法大汇总
(一)
学习啦在线学习网 一.词类(Parts of Speech)
名词 英文名称The Noun(缩写为n.) 表示人或事物的名称 例词boy,clock,book等
学习啦在线学习网 冠词 英文名称The Article(缩写为art.) 用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人和或事物。 例词a(an),the
代词 英文名称The Pronoun(缩写为pron) 用来代替名词、形容词或是数词 例词we,that,his,what
形容词 英文名称The Adjective(缩写为adj.) 用以修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征
学习啦在线学习网 例词 old,red,fine,good.
数词 英文名称The Numeral(缩写为num.) 表示数量或是顺序。例词 one,thirteen
first
学习啦在线学习网 动词 英文名称The Verb(缩写为v.) 表示动作或状态。例词sit,go,be(am,is,are)
副词 英文名称The Adverb(缩写为adv.) 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词。例词not
too,here,very
学习啦在线学习网 介词 英文单词The Preposition(缩写为prep.) 表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的
学习啦在线学习网 关系。 例词in,on,of,to,under.
连词 英文单词The Conjunction(缩写为conj.) 用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句
与句。 例词and,or,but.
感叹词 英文单词The Interjection(缩写为interj.) 表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等
学习啦在线学习网 情感。 例词oh,hello,hi,er.
学习啦在线学习网 二.名词(Nouns)
学习啦在线学习网 1.总的说来,名词分专有名词和普通名词两类。
专有名词: 表示具体的人,事物,地点或机构的专有名称。
Lucy China 中国 Asia 亚洲 Beijing 北京 。
专有名词的第一个字母要大写。
学习啦在线学习网 普通名词: 表示某些人,某类事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如:
teacher 老师 tea 茶 reform 改革
普通名词又可进一步分为四类
学习啦在线学习网 1) 个体名称: 表示单个的人和事物。
house 马 car 汽车 room 房间 apple 苹果 fun 风扇 picture 照片
2) 集体名称: 表示一群人或一些事物的名称。
people 人们 family 家庭 army 军队 government 政府 group 集团
学习啦在线学习网 3) 物质名词:表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。
学习啦在线学习网 fire 火 steel 钢 air 空气 water 水 milk 牛奶
4)抽象名词:表示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念。
学习啦在线学习网 labour 劳动 health 健康 life 生活 friendship友情 patience耐力
2.名词按其所表现的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。
可数名词(Countable Nouns)有复数形式,如:
学习啦在线学习网 an apple two apples a car some cars
不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)一般没有复数形式.
抽象名词, 物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词。
sand 沙 sugar 糖
学习啦在线学习网 有少数名词即可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词,但含义不同。
学习啦在线学习网 glass 玻璃 glass 玻璃杯 paper 纸 paper 报纸,文件
名词的功能
学习啦在线学习网 名词在句中作主语, 宾语,介词宾语,宾语补助语,表语以及名词短语作状语。
学习啦在线学习网 The bag is in the desk. bag 作主语。
学习啦在线学习网 书包在桌子里边。
学习啦在线学习网 I washed my clothes yesterday. clothes 作宾语。
学习啦在线学习网 昨天我洗了我的衣服。
学习啦在线学习网 This is a good book. book 作表语。
这是一本好书。
We elected him our monitor. monitor作宾语补助语。
我们选他为我们的班长。
学习啦在线学习网 Mary lives with her parents. parents作介词宾语.
玛丽和她的父母亲住在一起。
He is a Party member. Party 作定语.
他是一名党员。
They study hard day and night. day and night作状语。
他们白天黑夜地学习。
学习啦在线学习网 3.可数名词有单数(the Singular Nunmber)和复数(the Plural Number)两种形式。
名词的复数形式(The Plural Form Nouns)的部分规则如下:
1) 一般情况下,在词尾加 -s. 例如:
bags,maps,pens,desks,workers
2) 以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加-es.例如:
buses watches boxes
学习啦在线学习网 3) 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词加-s.例如:
licences blouses oranges
4) 以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为i再加-es.例如:
学习啦在线学习网 babies families
学习啦在线学习网 5) 名词以 -f 或 -fe 结尾的,把 -f 或-fe 变成 -ves.
bookshelves, wives, knives
注:英语中有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,需要一一记忆常见的有,
man - men woman - women foot - feet
tooth - teeth mouse - nice ox - oxen
sheep - sheep dear - dear fish - fish
学习啦在线学习网 英语中有些名词总是以复数形式出现。
学习啦在线学习网 scissors 剪刀 goods 货物 trousers 裤子 clothes 衣服 glasses 玻璃杯
4.名词的所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns)
在英语中,名词的格有三个,主格,宾格和所有格。
学习啦在线学习网 它们的形式及其变化表示与其他词的关系。
实际上, 主格和宾格通过它在句中的作用和位置来确定。
The bird is in the tree. 鸟在树上。 bird 作主语, 是主格。
学习啦在线学习网 I saw a film yesterday. 昨天我看了一场电影。 film 作宾语,是宾格。
名词的所有格: 名词中表示所有关系的形式叫做名词所有格。
学习啦在线学习网 Lu Xun's book is worth reading.
鲁迅的书值得一读。
学习啦在线学习网 This is my father's room.
学习啦在线学习网 这是我父亲的房间。
名词所有格的构成
学习啦在线学习网 单数名词 加's 例词:Mike's father
以s结尾的复数名词 加' 例词:the teachers' room
不以s结尾的复数名词 加's 例词:men's women's
三、代词(Pronouns)
1.人称代词(Personal Pronouns)
学习啦在线学习网 第一人称单数主格I(复数We) 单数宾格me(复数us)
第二人称单数主格you(复数you) 单数宾格you(复数you)
第三人称单数主格he,she,it(复数they) 单数宾格him,her,it(复数them)
学习啦在线学习网 2.物主代词(Possessive Pronouns)
形容词性物主代词第一人称单数my(复数our)
学习啦在线学习网 形容词性物主代词第二人称单数your(复数your)
学习啦在线学习网 形容词性物主代词第三人称单数his,her,its(复数their)
学习啦在线学习网 名词性物主代词第一人称单数mine(复述ours)
名词性物主代词第二人称单数yours(复数yours)
名词性物主代词第三人称单数his,hers,its(复数theirs)
学习啦在线学习网 四、数词(Numeral)
表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。
学习啦在线学习网 表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
学习啦在线学习网 基数词(Cardinal Numbers)
1 one 2 two 3three 4four 5five 6six
学习啦在线学习网 11eleven 12twelve 13thirteen 20twenty
21twenty-one 40fouty 100one hundred
五、动词(Verb)
学习啦在线学习网 一般现在时(The Simple Present Tense)
一般现在时表示现在的状态
如:He is twelve.She is at home.
学习啦在线学习网 表示经常的或是习惯性的动作.
如:I go to school at 7:30 every day.
学习啦在线学习网 表示主语具备的的性格和能力等
学习啦在线学习网 如:She like apple.They know English.
学习啦在线学习网 1.动词be(Verb to be)
肯定式I am......否定I am not....
学习啦在线学习网 肯定式You are...否定式You are not....
肯定式He/She/It is....否定式He/She/It is not....
疑问句和简略答语
Am I ....?
Yes,you are./No,I you are not.
学习啦在线学习网 Are you....?
学习啦在线学习网 Yes,I am./No,I am not.
2.There be结构
"There is/are+某物/某人+某地/某时"这样一种句型,大致相当于汉语
"某地/某时有某物/某人"的说法.句子的is/are和后面所跟的名词在数
学习啦在线学习网 方面必须是一致.
肯定式:There is(There's)a table in your room.
There are(There're)some pencils on the desk.
否定式:There is not(There isn't)any cats here.
There are not(aren't)any cats here.
疑问式和简略答语
Is there a ruler in your bag?
学习啦在线学习网 Yes,there is./No,there is not(isn't).
Are there any people in that house?
学习啦在线学习网 Yes,there are./No,there are not(aren't).
How many kites are there in the sky?
There are thirteen.
学习啦在线学习网 六、介词(Prepositions)
学习啦在线学习网 介词一般用于名词或代词前,表示该词与句子其他成分的关系.介词后面的名词
或代词称为介词宾语.介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语.
本册课本出现的介词短语如下:
学习啦在线学习网 at: at home at school at six thirty
学习啦在线学习网 behind: behind the door/tree behind one's chair
beside: beside the door beside the house
from: from one to a hundred
in: in Row/Team/Class/Grade4
in one's school/grade/class/team/rom
in your desk/pencil-box/bedroom
in the picture in the same class in different classes
in English in the hat in the morning/afternoon
学习啦在线学习网 like: like this/that
near: near the window near the door
学习啦在线学习网 of: a picture of a classroom a map of China
学习啦在线学习网 the name of her cat the wall of their classroon
on: on the desk/chair on the floor on the wall on the bike
on the duty
to:(a quarter)to ten (go)to school/bed/work
under: under the desk/table under the tree/window under one's chair/bed
(1) 表示时间:
at: 表示某一时间点
如: at noon
on: 表示特定的日子
学习啦在线学习网 如: on Christmas
学习啦在线学习网 in: 表示一段不具体的时间
如: in the morning, in the Second world war
如表示在某一特定的早上、下午则用on
学习啦在线学习网 如: on a cold morning, on a hot afternoon, on Sunday morning
学习啦在线学习网 during: 表示期间内的某个时期
如: during the night, during the Second World War
学习啦在线学习网 for: 其后接表示一段时间长度的词
学习啦在线学习网 如: for three days
through: 表示在整个期间没有间歇
学习啦在线学习网 例: It snowed through the night.
学习啦在线学习网 till/until: 表示动作持续的终点
例:I studied hard till twelve o'clock last night.
by: 表示动作完成期限
例: I'll be back by five o'clock.
学习啦在线学习网 since: 表示某动作的起始点
例:I have studied English since 1990.
学习啦在线学习网 (2) 表示地点:
学习啦在线学习网 at: 表示较小的地点
学习啦在线学习网 如: arrived at the school gate
学习啦在线学习网 in: 表示较大的地点
学习啦在线学习网 如: arrived in Shanghai
for: 表示目的地
学习啦在线学习网 例: I'll leave for Shanghai.
学习啦在线学习网 above: 表示上面,上方,其反意词是below
over: 表示垂直上方,其反意词是under
学习啦在线学习网 例: The dog jumped over the table.
through: 表示穿过
学习啦在线学习网 如: through the forest
across: 表示平原上的跨越
学习啦在线学习网 例: I want to walk across the road.
七、句子的种类(Kinds of Sentences)
英语的句子按照用途可分为以下四类:
学习啦在线学习网 陈述句 用途是用来说明事实或说话人的看法 例句:I can see a map on the wall.
I think it's his.
疑问句 用途是用来提出问题. 例句:Are you Mr Green?
学习啦在线学习网 Can you find it ? How old are you?
学习啦在线学习网 祈使句 用途是用来表示请求和命令. 例句: Sstand up.Come in,please.
Let's play games.
感叹句 用途是用来表达强烈的感情. 例句:What a fine day it is!
学习啦在线学习网 How beautiful the flowers are!
学习啦在线学习网 八、一般疑问句和 特殊疑问句
一般疑问句子和特殊疑问句
学习啦在线学习网 一般疑问句(General Question)一般是指用Yes或No回答的疑问句。
例如:Is she at school today? Yes,she is/No,she isn't.
Can you see a pencile on the desk? Yes,I can./No,I can't.
Do you play football? Yes,they do./No,they don't.
学习啦在线学习网 特殊疑问句是以特殊疑问词开头的疑问句.
(二)
一.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
(The Comparative and Superlative Degrees of Adjective and Adverbs)
学习啦在线学习网 大多数形容词和副词有三个等级:
1)原级,即原形。
2)比较级,表示“较……”或“更……一些”的意思。
3)最高级,表示“最……”的意思。
1.形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成
(1)规则变化
单音节词和少数双音节词
学习啦在线学习网 一般在词尾加-er或-est
学习啦在线学习网 cold colder coldest
学习啦在线学习网 strong stronger strongest
fast faster fastest
slow slow slowest
学习啦在线学习网 以字母e结尾的形容词,加-r或-st
nice nicer nicest
large larger largest
学习啦在线学习网 重读闭音节词只有一个辅音字母时,应先双写辅音字母,再加-er或-est
big bigger biggest
thin thinner thinnest
学习啦在线学习网 hot hotter hottest
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词,先改“y”为“i”,再加-er或-est
学习啦在线学习网 easy esaier easiest
happy happier happiest
学习啦在线学习网 early earlier earliest
学习啦在线学习网 少数以-er,-ow 结尾的双音节词clever(聪明的)未尾加-er,-est
学习啦在线学习网 clever cleverer cleverest
narrow narrower narrowest
学习啦在线学习网 多音节词和部分双音节词
学习啦在线学习网 在词前加more或most
delicious more delicious most delicious
interesting more interesting most interting
学习啦在线学习网 easily more easily most easily
carefully more carefully most carefully
(2)不规则变化
学习啦在线学习网 good/well better best
bad/badly worse worst
much/many more most
little less least
far farther/further farthest/furthest
2.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的用法
学习啦在线学习网 比较级:表示两者(人或事物)的比较
Mr King is taller than Mr Read
学习啦在线学习网 This mooncakes is nicer than that one。
The tractor is going faster than the bike。
最高级:表示三者或三者以上(人或事物)的比较,其中有一个在某一方面超过
学习啦在线学习网 其他几个时,用最高级。最高级的前面一般要加定冠词the。后面可带of(in)
短语来说明比较的范围。
学习啦在线学习网 Whose drawing is he best of all?
学习啦在线学习网 She is the youngest in the class.
The taxi is going ghe fastest.
学习啦在线学习网 Mr Qin is walking tje slowest of all.
注:在形容词和副词的比较级前,有时可以用much,a little等来修饰,
学习啦在线学习网 如:much better a little taller
学习啦在线学习网 二。数词(Numerals)(2)
序数词(Ordinal Numbers)
序数词表示事物的顺序,往往与定冠词the连用。
学习啦在线学习网 fist 1st twentieth 20th
second 2nd twenty-first 21th
third 3nd thirieth 30th
学习啦在线学习网 fourth 4nd thirty-ninth 39th
fifth 5nd fortieth 40th
sixth 6th fiftieth 50th
学习啦在线学习网 seventh 7th sixtieth 60th
学习啦在线学习网 eighth 8th seventieth 70th
学习啦在线学习网 nineth 9th ninetieth 80th
tenth 10th hundredth 100th
eleventh 11th one hundred and first 101st
学习啦在线学习网 twelfth 12th
三、冠词(Articles)
冠词是一种虚词,让在名词的前面,帮助说明名词的含义,
学习啦在线学习网 冠词分不定冠词(The Indefinite Article)
和定冠词(The Define Article)两种,a(an)是不定冠词。
a用在辅音之前,如:a road
学习啦在线学习网 a boy;an用在元音之前,如:an hour ;an old man等;the是定冠词。
1.不定冠词的用法
用于可数名词的单数形式前,指人或事物的某一种类。
Susan is a scientist.
学习啦在线学习网 Pass me an orange,please.
指某人或某事,但不具体说明何人或何物。
A boy is looking for you。
学习啦在线学习网 We work five days a week。
表示“一”这个数量,但数的概念没有one强烈。
We are going to have an English lesson tomorrow。
I have a mouth,a nose,two eyes and two ears。
用于某些固定的词组中。
a few ,a little ,a lot of ,a moment ago
2.定冠词的用法。
学习啦在线学习网 特指某些人或某些事物
学习啦在线学习网 Show me the photo of the boy。
学习啦在线学习网 The book on the desk is mine。
指双方都知道的人或事物。
Where are the new books,Jim?
They are on the small table。
指上文提过的人或事物。
Ji Mei lives on a farm。The farm is not big。
用在世界上独一无二的事物前。
The sun is bigger than the moon。
用在序数词和形容词最高级前。
The first month of the year is January。
学习啦在线学习网 Walk along this road,and take the fourth turning on the left。
用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。
学习啦在线学习网 the Great Wall
学习啦在线学习网 the Women's Hospital
用在一些习惯用语中。
学习啦在线学习网 in the morning(afternoon,evening),
学习啦在线学习网 on the left(right),at the back(front)of
the day befoer yesterday,all the same
学习啦在线学习网 3.不用冠词的情况
学习啦在线学习网 在专有名词和不可数名词前,
学习啦在线学习网 China,Grade Two,Bill Smilk,milk
名词前已有作定语用的this,that,my,your,some,any等代词。
The letter is in her bag ,
Come this way,please .
学习啦在线学习网 I have some question.
复数名词表示一类人或事物时,
My father and mother are teachers.
学习啦在线学习网 I like cakes.
学习啦在线学习网 在星期,月份,季节,节日前,
It is Sunday(Monday,Tuesday,etc。)today。
June 1st is Children's Day in China。
学习啦在线学习网 It is cold in winter。
学习啦在线学习网 在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前。
学习啦在线学习网 Mr Mott is going on a trip。
学习啦在线学习网 What colour are Mrs Green's shoes?
在三餐饭和球类运动的名词前。
He went to shool before breakfast this morning。
Can you play basketball?
四、动词(Verbs)(2)
1.动词的种类(Kinds of Verbs)
行为动词Action Verbs:含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,在句中能独立作谓语。
学习啦在线学习网 She has some bananas。
学习啦在线学习网 They often come back early。
I listen to the radio every day。
连系动词Link Verbs:本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须与表语一起构成谓语。
His father is a teacher。
Twins usually look the same。
Trees turn green。
助动词Auxiliary Verbs 本身没有词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成
谓语动词,表示否定,疑问,时态或其他语法形式。
He doesn't speak Englist。
We are playing basketball。
Do you have a brother?
情态动词Modal Verbs
学习啦在线学习网 本身有一定的意义,但不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示说话
人的语气和情态,情态动词没有人称和数的变化。
She can speak a little English。
May I speak to Ann,please?
We must go now。
学习啦在线学习网 2.一般过去时态(The Simple Past Tense)
一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常和过去的时间状语连用,
学习啦在线学习网 如:yesterday,last night,in 1990,two days ago等,也表示过去经常或反复发生的
学习啦在线学习网 动作,常和often,always等表示频度的时间状语连用。例如:
I got up at 6:30 yesterday。
My father was at work yesterday afternoon。
He always went to work by bus last year。
学习啦在线学习网 一般过去时的构成
be
肯定句:I was……
He (she,it) was……
We(You,They)were……
否定句 I was not(wasn't)……
He(She,It)was not(wasn't)……
We(You,They)were not(weren't)……
work
肯定句 I(You,He,She,It,We,You,They)worked。
学习啦在线学习网 否定句 I(You,He,She,It,We,You,They)did not(didn't)worked。
there be
肯定句
There was……
学习啦在线学习网 There were……
否定句
There was not(wasn't)……
学习啦在线学习网 There were not (weren't)……
疑问句和简略答语
be
第一人称
Was I……?Yes,you were。No,you were not。
学习啦在线学习网 Were we……?Yes,we(you)were。No,we(you)were not。
第二人称
Were you……?Yes,I was。No,I was not。
Were you……?Yes,we were。No,we were not。
第三人称
学习啦在线学习网 Was he (she,it)……?Yes,he(she,it)was。No,he(she,it) was not。
Were they ……?Yes,they were。No,they were not。
work
第一人称
Did I work?Yes,you did。No,you did not。
Did we work?Yes,we(you)did。No,we(you) did not。
第二人称
学习啦在线学习网 Did you work?Yes,I did。No,I did not。
学习啦在线学习网 Did you work?Yes,we did。No,we did not。
第三人称
Did he (she,it)work?Yes,he(she,it)did。No,he(she,it)did not。
Did they work?Yes,they did。No,they did not。
there be
学习啦在线学习网 Was there a/any……?Yes,there was。No,there was not。
学习啦在线学习网 Was there any……?Yes,there were。No,there were not。
规则动词过去式地构成
学习啦在线学习网 一般在动词原形末尾加-ed 例如:look looked,play played,
学习啦在线学习网 结尾是e的动词加-d 例如:live lived,hope hoped,use used
末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词,先双写这个辅音字母,再加-ed
学习啦在线学习网 例如:stop stopped,plan planned,trip tripped
结尾是"辅音字母+y"的动词,先变y为i再加-ed. 例如:study studied
carry carried,worry worried.
学习啦在线学习网 常见的不规则动词有:
学习啦在线学习网 am/is-was are-were go-went have-had do-did get-got
come-came say-said see-saw put-put eat-ate take-took
3.一般将来时态(The Simple Future Tense)
学习啦在线学习网 一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示将来将来经常
学习啦在线学习网 或反复发生的动作,常与表示将来的时间状语连用.如:tomorrow,next,week,next
year等
例如:I will go to my hometown next week.
We will come to see you every Sunday.
学习啦在线学习网 1)一般将来时的构成 一般将来时由"助动词"will+动词原形"构成.在口语中,will
在名词或代词后常简缩为'll,will not常简缩为won't.在疑问句中,主语为第一人称
学习啦在线学习网 (I和well)时,常用助动词shall.
第一人称肯定式I/We will go.否定式I/will not go.疑问式Shall/we go ?
第二人称肯定式You not go.否定式You will not go.疑问句Will you go?
第三人称肯定式He/She/It/They will go.否定式He/She/It/They will not go.
学习啦在线学习网 疑问式Will he/she/it/they go?
注:(1)在书面语中,主语式第一人称(I和we)时,常用助动词shall+动词原形.例如:
学习啦在线学习网 I shall write you a letter next month.
学习啦在线学习网 We shall be very please to see you.
学习啦在线学习网 (2)在表示"带意愿色彩的将来"时,常用will.例如:
I will tell you all about it.
学习啦在线学习网 (3)在问对方是否愿意,或表示客气的邀请或命令时,常用will.例如:
Will you go to the zoo with me?
学习啦在线学习网 Will you please open the window?
学习啦在线学习网 (4)在表示建议或者征求对方意见时,可用shall.例如:
学习啦在线学习网 Shall we go at the ten?
学习啦在线学习网 Shall we get some food?
2)用"be going to+动词原形"表示将要发生的的事或打算,计划,决定要作的事情.
例如:
学习啦在线学习网 What are you going to next Sunday?下星期你打算干什么?
They're going to meet outside the school gate.他们打算在校门口见面.
学习啦在线学习网 We're not going to have any classes next week.下一周我们不上课.
五.句子的成分(Members of the sentence)
组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分,即:主语.谓语.表语.宾语.宾语补足语.定语和状语.
学习啦在线学习网 主语和谓语是句子的主体部分.表语、宾语、宾语补足语都是谓语里的组成部分
学习啦在线学习网 主语(The Subject) 表示句子所说的是什么人或什么事物,一般由名词 代词或相当于
名词的短语等充当.例句:Lucy is an American girl.
学习啦在线学习网 We study in No.1 Middle School.
谓语(The Predicate)说明主语"做什么","是什么"或者是怎么样.谓语(谓语部分里
主要是词)用动词.谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致.例如:We love China.
Mike hope to be a doctor.His parents are farmers.She is singing.
表语(The Predicative) 说明主语是什么或者怎么样,由名词、形容词或相当于名词
学习啦在线学习网 或形容词的词或短语等充当,和连系动词一起构成谓语。例句:Her aunt is a driver.
宾语(The Object)表示动作或行为的对象,由名词,代词或相当于名词的词,短语等
充当,和及物动词一起说明主语做什么.例句:He often helps me.
We study English at school. Did you see him yesterday?
定语(The Attribute)用来休息名词或代词.做定语的除形容词外,还有代词,数词,名词
介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语等.例句:The black bike is mine.
学习啦在线学习网 We have four lessons in the morning.What's your name.please?
学习啦在线学习网 状语(The Adverbial)用来修饰动词,形容词或副词.一般表示行为发生的时间,地点
目的,方式,程度等意义,通常由副词,介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语等来表示
学习啦在线学习网 例句:People are all working hard.It is very nice.
学习啦在线学习网 We had a meeting this afternoon.
六.句子的种类(Kings of Sentence)
学习啦在线学习网 1.四种疑问句(Four Kind of Question)
学习啦在线学习网 选择疑问句(The Alternative Question)
提出两种或两种以上的情况,要求对方选择一种,这种疑问句叫选择疑问句.它的机构
学习啦在线学习网 是一般疑问句加or加一般疑问句,但常把后一部分里面和前一部分相同的成分省略.说
学习啦在线学习网 是or前面部分用声调,后面用降调.如:Is her brother a adoctor or a teacher?
Would you like tea or coffee?Shall we go to the cinema on Saturday or on sunday?
反意疑问句(The Tag Question)
反意疑问句表示提问者有一定的主见,但没有把握,希望对方来证实.
反意疑问句由两部分组成,前一部分是对事物的陈述,后一部分是简单的提问.如果前一部分
用肯定的形式,后一部分一般用否定的形式;前一部分用否定的形式,后一部分久用肯定的形式
学习啦在线学习网 两部分的人称和时态要一致.
反意疑问句陈述的部分用降调.后办部分可升可降.提问者对陈述部分把握较大时,后半部分用
学习啦在线学习网 降调;把握不大时,用降调.The weather here is very cold,isn't it?
学习啦在线学习网 You're from Australia,aren't you? Yes,I am .
学习啦在线学习网 对反意疑问句的回答,不管问题的提法如何,若事实是肯定的,就要用Yes,事实是否定的,就要
用no.这和汉语不一样,应该注意.如:
学习啦在线学习网 He isn't going to the meeting,is he?它不去参加会是吗?
学习啦在线学习网 Yes,he is.不,他要去的.
学习啦在线学习网 No ,he isn't.对他不起.
2.感叹句(The Exclamatory Sentence)
学习啦在线学习网 感叹句多用how和what引起.how 和what与所修饰的词放在句首,其他部分用陈诉语气.在口语
中谓语常省略
(1)how作状语,修饰形容词,副词和动词.如:
How cold it is today!
学习啦在线学习网 How delicious they are!
How beautiful the flowers are!
学习啦在线学习网 How I miss you!
学习啦在线学习网 (2)what作定语,修饰名词(名词前可由其他定语),单数可数名词前要加不定冠词a(an).如:
What a good idear!
What a beautiful day!
What a happy woman!
学习啦在线学习网 感叹句用来表示强烈的感情.句末要用感叹号!,读时要用降调.在口语中常用省略句.后面的
学习啦在线学习网 主语和谓语往往省略,由时候只用一个词或者是词组.如:How cold! Wonderful!
(三)
学习啦在线学习网 一、动词(Verbs)
1.现在完成时(The Present Perfect Tense)
学习啦在线学习网 (1)现在完成时的构成
学习啦在线学习网 现在完成时由“助动词have(has)+过去分词”构成。现以动词work为例,
学习啦在线学习网 将现在完成时的肯定式、否定式和疑问式
以及简略答语列表如下:
肯定式
I/You have worked。
He/She/It has worked。
学习啦在线学习网 We/You/They have worked。
否定式
I/You have not worked。
He/She/It has not worked。
We/You/They have not worked。
疑问式和简略回答
Have I/you worked?Yes,you/I have。No,you/I have not。
学习啦在线学习网 Has he/she/it worked?Yes,he/she/it has。No,he/she/it has not。
学习啦在线学习网 Have we/you/they worked?Yes,you/we/they have。No,you/we/they have not。
注:规则动词的过去分词的构成与动词过去式相同
(2)现在完成时的用法
学习啦在线学习网 表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
Have you had your lunch yet?Yes,I have。I've just had it。
学习啦在线学习网 I have already posted the photos。
表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态,可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段
时间的状语连用。表示持续动作或状态的动词多是延续性动词。
I haven't seen her these days.
学习啦在线学习网 I've known LiLei for three years.
学习啦在线学习网 I've been at this school for over two years.
They have lived here since 1996.
学习啦在线学习网 How long have you worked in this library?
She has taught us since I came to this school.
现在完成时可以和already,never,just,before,yet 等状语连用。
Have you ever eaten fish and chips?
I've just lost my science book.
I've never been to that farm before.
学习啦在线学习网 I haven't learned the word yet.
have(has)been和have(has)gone的区别:
学习啦在线学习网 have(has) been 表示“曾经到过某地”,have(has)gone 表示“已经去过某地了”
Where has he been? 他刚才跑到哪去了?
Where has he gone?他到哪去了?
学习啦在线学习网 She has been to Shanghai。她到过上海。
学习啦在线学习网 She has gone to Shanghai。她到上海去了。
注:非延续性动词在否定结构中可用现在完成时,如:
I haven't bought anything for two months。
学习啦在线学习网 (3)现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,强调的是现在的情况,所以它不能和表示
过去的时间状语连用。如:yesterday,last night,three weeks ago,in 1990等,而一般过去时只表示过去
动作或状态,和现在不发生关系,它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。如:
学习啦在线学习网 I have seen the film。我看过这部电影。
I saw the film last week。我上星期看了这个电影。
He has lived here since 1992。1992年以来他一直住在这里。
学习啦在线学习网 He lived here in 1992。 1992年他住在这里。
2.过去将来时(The Futere-in-the-Past Tense)
(1)过去将来时由“助动词would+动词圆形”构成。would常缩略为‘d。
(2)过去将来时的用法
过去将来时表示过去的某一时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用在宾语从句中。如:
学习啦在线学习网 I didn't know if she would come。
学习啦在线学习网 I wasn't sure whether he would do it。
学习啦在线学习网 Wang Lei said that she would visit her uncle next Saturday。
学习啦在线学习网 过去将来时也可以用“was(were) going to +动词原形”来表示。如:
学习啦在线学习网 I didn't know if she was going to come。
学习啦在线学习网 Wang Lei said that she was going to visit her uncle next Saterday。
3.过去完成时(The Past Perfect Tense)
(1).过去完成时的构成
过去完成时由“助动词had(用于各种人称和数)+过去分词”构成
(2).过去完成时的用法
学习啦在线学习网 过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”
学习啦在线学习网 表示过去某一时间可用by,before等构成的短语,也可用when,before等引导的从句或者通过上下文表示。
例句
By the end of the match ,they had scored two goals and we had scored four.
We had reached the station before ten o'clock.
When I got there ,you had already started playing .
We did as he had told us.
He said he had never seen such an exciting match before .
By the time we got there,the bus had already gone.
4.动词不定式(The Ivnfinitive)
(1)动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”,有时可以不带to,动词不定式(或不定式短语)没有人称和数的变化。
在句子中不能作谓语。动词不定式仍保持动词的特点。即可以有自己的宾语和状语。动词不定式同它的宾语或状语
构成不定式短语。如:to read the newspaper,to speak at the meeting等
(2)动词不定式具有名词,形容词和副词的特征,因此在句中可以作主语,表语,宾语,宾语补足语、定语,状语
作宾语
She wanted to borrow my CD player.
They began to read and write。
作状语
She went to see her grandma last Sunday。
He came to give us a talk yesterday。
作宾语补足语
Lucy asked him to turn down the radio。
学习啦在线学习网 She asked me to speak louder。
学习啦在线学习网 She found him to be a very good pupil。
作定语
学习啦在线学习网 Have you got anything to say?
I had something to eat this morning。
作主语
学习啦在线学习网 To learn a foreign language is not easy。
To play in the street is danerous.
(3)动词不定式的否定形式
由“not+动词不定式”构成。如:
Tell him not to be late。
The policeman told the boys not to play in the street。
(4)动词不定式和疑问句连用
动词不定式亏和疑问句what,which,how,where,when等连用,构成不定式短语。
如:The question is when to start。
学习啦在线学习网 I don't know where to go。
学习啦在线学习网 He showed me how to use a computer。
学习啦在线学习网 Nobody told us what to do。
(5)不带to的情况
有一些动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式通常不带to,这种动词有两类;一类是感觉动词,如see,
hear,watch,feel,notice等,如:
学习啦在线学习网 I saw him come。我看见他来了。
I heard him sing。我听见他唱歌了。
另一类是某些使役动词,如make,let,have等,如:
Let him go。让他走吧
They made the children work 12 hours a day。
学习啦在线学习网 他们强迫孩子们一天干12小时。
动词help后的不定式可带to,也可不带to。
学习啦在线学习网 5.被动语态。(The Passive Voice)
学习啦在线学习网 (1)主动语态和被动语态
英语动词有两种语态,即主动语态(The Active Voice)和被动语态(The Passive Voice)
Many people speak English.(主动语态)
English is spoken by many people。(被动语态)
(2)被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有人称,数和时态的变化,其变化
规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。现以动词ask为例子,将一般现在时和一般过去时被动语态的
肯定式,否定式及疑问式列表如下:
一般现在时
肯定式
I am asked…… You are asked…… He/She is asked……
We are asked…… You are asked…… They are asked……
否定式
I am not asked…… You are not asked…… He/She is not asked……
We are not asked…… You are not asked…… They are not asked……
疑问式
学习啦在线学习网 Am I asked……? Are you asked……? Is he/She asked……?
Are we asked……? Are you asked……? Are they asked……?
一般过去时
肯定式
I was asked…… You were asked…… He/She was asked……
学习啦在线学习网 We were asked…… You were asked…… They were asked……
否定式
I was not asked…… You were not asked…… He/She was not asked……
学习啦在线学习网 We were not asked…… You were not asked…… They were not asked……
疑问式
was I asked……? were you asked……? was he/She asked……?
were we asked……? were you asked……? were they asked……?
学习啦在线学习网 (3)含有情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的被动语态由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。如:
This bicycle can be mended in two hour。
学习啦在线学习网 This trees may be planted in spring。
The room must be kept clean。
学习啦在线学习网 The flowers should be watered often。
(4)被动语态的用法
当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者,或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时,或者只需强调动作的
学习啦在线学习网 承受者时,需要被动语态。如:
This jacket is made of cotton。
学习啦在线学习网 English is spoken in Canada。
学习啦在线学习网 二、宾语从句(The Object Clause)
宾语从句在复合句中作主语的宾语,宾语从句通常作主语的宾语,宾语从句通常由下面一些词引导
1.由that引导(that在口语或非正式文体中常省略),如:
He said that he would like to see the headmaster.
学习啦在线学习网 She said that she would leave a message on his desk .
He knew that he should work hard .
学习啦在线学习网 He said that he might fall behind the other students.
He was afraid that he would forget his Chinese.
学习啦在线学习网 2.由连接代词或连接副词引导,如:
Do you know what he has said ?
学习啦在线学习网 I don't remember when we arrived ?
I asked him where I could get so much money?
Can you tell me which class you are in ?
The children did not know who Father Christmas was.
学习啦在线学习网 3.由连词whether或if引导( 口语中常用if)
Lily wanted to knew if/wheher her grandma liked the handbag。
She asked me if she could borrow there books。
学习啦在线学习网 三、定语从句(The Attributive Clause)
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句,如:
(1)The man who lives next to us is a policeman
(2)You must do everything that I do .
学习啦在线学习网 上面两句中的man和everything 是定语从句所修饰的词,叫先行词,定语从句放在先行词的后面。
学习啦在线学习网 引导定语从句的词有关系代词what,which,who,(宾格whom,所有格whose)和关系副词
学习啦在线学习网 where,when,关系代词或关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起联系作用,同时又作定语从句的
一个成分。
由关系代词引导的定语从句
that在从句中作主语或宾语
指物
学习啦在线学习网 A plane is a machine that can fly。(作主语)
The noodles that I cooked were delicious。(作宾语)
指人
Who is the man that is reading the book over there?(作主语)
学习啦在线学习网 The girl that we saw yesterday was Jim's sister。(作宾语)
which在从句中作主语和宾语。
指物
The silk which is produced in Hangzhou sells well。(作主语)
学习啦在线学习网 The song which the Beatles sang were very popular。(作宾语)
who,whom在从句中分别作主语和宾语
指人
学习啦在线学习网 The foreigner who visit our class yesterday is form Canada。(作主语)
The boy who broke the window is called Roy。(作主语)
The person to whom you just talked is Mr Li。(作宾语)
Mrs Evans is the person to whom you should write。(作宾语)
四、状语从句(Adverbial clause)
在复合句中,修饰主句的动词,形容词或副词等的从句叫做状语从句,状语从句根据它表达的意思可分为
时间,原因,条件,比较,目的,结果和让步等类。
时间
由as,after,as soon as,before,since,until,when,whenever,while等连词引导。
As he explored the sea,he took a lot of picture.
学习啦在线学习网 As soon as he arrived in France ,he called me.
学习啦在线学习网 He has been in Shanghai since he was born.
学习啦在线学习网 Don't come in until you are called.
学习啦在线学习网 Whenever we're in truble,he'll help us .
While I was watching TV,the bell rang.
原因
学习啦在线学习网 由as,because,since,等连词引导
I didn't go surfing,because it was too cold.
As the car is expensive ,we can't buy it .
Since he was busy ,he didn't come.
条件
由if,unless等连词引导
学习啦在线学习网 If you travel in India,you can use English everywhere.
I won't pass the exam unless I work hard.
比较
由as(so)……as,than等引导
学习啦在线学习网 Canoeing is not as(so) interesting as sailing (is).
Li Lei swims better than Jim (does).
结果
由so……that,等引导
He was so weak that he couldn't walk on.
目的
学习啦在线学习网 由so ,so that等引导
学习啦在线学习网 We'll sit near the front so we can hear the speaker better.
学习啦在线学习网 He sat in the dark so that he couldn't be seen.
让步
由although,even though等引导
Although the traffic was heavy ,we got to the railway station on time.
Even though he is eighty,he looks strong and healthy.
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初中英语语法大汇总
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