学习英语的被动语态
英语动词被动语态在语法书上都有详略不同的交代,但大都着重它的构成形式,例证则往往不够。接下来,小编给大家准备了如何学习英语的被动语态,欢迎大家参考与借鉴。
学习英语的被动语态
英语动词被动语态似乎在英语句子中比在汉语句子中更多出现,这点是我国初学者所经常忽略的。在某些句子中,英语总是用被动语态、而汉语则绝不能用,如“Shakespeare was born in 1564./Moliere was born in Paris”。初学英语的人接触到这样被动语态的句子恐不免感到奇怪,因为我们在汉语中惯于说"生于某某年"或"某某年生","生于巴黎"或"在巴黎出生",从来不说一个人"被生出"。
在另一些句子中,英语可用主动及被动两种语态,汉语则倾向于用主动,如“Everybody likes him./He is liked by everybody”。汉语"人人喜欢他"看来比"他被人人喜欢"更现成和自然。有人以为这有一个强调的问题,用作主语的词是加以强调的。即令如此,按照英语结构写成的"他被大家喜欢"这样的句子,总是别扭。
下面就十个类别,举出一些句子,说明英语某些动词用于某一意义或在某一场合中常作被动语态。类别当然不能只是十个,这儿仅举常见的。每个类别下也只举五个句子,句子中的动词彼此不一样。为方便起见,句子首先采用大家熟知的 The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English(ALD),其次是 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English(LDCE),必要时从其他英美书刊补充少数句子,但不注明出处。
1.关于生病
The left lung is affected1. _____ALD
学习啦在线学习网 He is confined to the house by illness. ____ ALD
He was seized with sudden chest pains. ____LDCE
He’s been troubled with a bad back since he was a child. ____LDCE
John was Invalided2 out of the army.
上面这些句子中被动语态在英语中很习惯化,如将动词改为主动语态,有不同程度的不顺。用汉语表达这些句子中的同样的概念,就可以不一定用被动语态。
学习啦在线学习网 2.关于疲倦困乏
He was doneup afterthe long ride. ALD
学习啦在线学习网 He was knocked uP after the longsteen climb. _____ ALD
He was almost fagged out. ______ ALD
I’m completely exhausted3.____LDCE
I was spent with the fatigue4 of the voyage.
汉语说"累了"、"累垮了"极普通。如说由于某种原因而"累了"、"累垮了",至少在结构上不用被动语态。这和第一类的例子是一致的。
3.关于喜悦、高兴
I was delighted to hear the news of your success._____ALD
We’re very pleased to see you here._____ALD
On hearing of the victory,the nation was transported with joy._____ALD
学习啦在线学习网 She was enchanted5 with the flowers you sent her. _____ALD
学习啦在线学习网 The children were fascinated by the toys in the shopwindows._____ ALD
学习啦在线学习网 汉语如说"被高兴",将不成文理,说"使……高兴"或"为……高兴",那也不能照英语被动语态去处理。事实上这头一句话照汉语是"我高兴地听到……"这虽带点欧化,但目前也通行了。最常见的恐怕还是"听到……我高兴"。无论如何。汉语说"高兴",不能如英语那样用被动语态。
学习啦在线学习网 4.关于阻塞、拖延:
We’re been held up by fog. _____ ALD
学习啦在线学习网 The mountain roads were obstructed6 by falls of rock._____ALD
The train was delayed two hours. _____ALD
I was hindered from getting here.____ALD
The harbour was blocked by ice._____ALD
学习啦在线学习网 这第二句ALD英汉双解本译成"山路被落下石头所阻塞"。严格地说这句译文似乎欠流畅,尤其不能用于口语。当然,凡是阻力,总是外来的阻力,施于受事的主语,主语处于被动地位,但汉语不能采取英语的被动语态形式而完全不加变动。
5、关于习惯
He is quite used to hard work.____ALD
学习啦在线学习网 This is not the kind of treatment I am accustomed to. _____ALD
He is addicted8 to smoking. _____ALD
The old soldier was inured9 to danger. ____LDCE
He is given to long walks. _____LDCE
学习啦在线学习网 英语中有些动词,由于常用于被动语态,词典中对它们的分词(participle)形式另立专条著录,成为独立的词,其功能相当于形容词。以上例句中的动词就是典型的例子。例如,词典一般既有use这一专条(不定式动词),又有 used;既有 accustom7,又有 accustomed;既有give,又有given。但如inure及addict,在 ALD上只注明"常用于被动"(usu.passive),尚未另立inured和 addicted专条,其他词典也大体是这样,虽然addicted还可以作为形容词,看成是独立的词条。然而不管这些词是否带有形容词的性质,在上面的句子中却具有被动语态的作用。
6.关于苦恼、心烦意乱
学习啦在线学习网 He was annoyed to learn that the train would be delayed.____ALD
学习啦在线学习网 She is easily upset emotionally.____ALD
学习啦在线学习网 He was vexed10 at his failure. ____ ALD
He was disturbed to hear of your illness.______ALD
I felt harassed11 by all the work of the office._____LDCE
苦恼等情绪当然是引起的,因此英语中的被动语态似乎说明了是由于什么引起的,但要注意第一句She is easily upset emotionally.不必指出原因。
7.关于惊讶或震惊
I was astonished to see him there. ____ALD
I’m surprised he didn’t come._____ALD
He was shocked to hear his daughter swearing. _____ALD
He was startled to see him looking so ill._____ALD
He was astounded12 when he heard he had won._____ALD
一个正常的人无故不会大惊小怪。但是我们说"吃惊"、"大吃一惊"或"使……吃惊"和"使……大吃一惊"等也就够了,不同于英语的被动表现形式。
学习啦在线学习网 8.关于围绕、包围
His land is fenced with barbed wire.____ALD
学习啦在线学习网 Troy was besieged13 by the Greeks for ten years._____ALD
学习啦在线学习网 The troops were surrounded._____ALD
The cliffedge is dangerous and should be railed._____LDCE
学习啦在线学习网 Japan is compassed about by the ocean.____LDCE
对于以上第二句,第三句及第五句,汉语是可以用"被包围"这类说法的,但对第一句的"is fenced with,"如说"有篱笆围住"就行了,不一定要说"被用篱笆围住"。至于第四句中"should be railed",英语的被动语态在汉语中也难以表达。我们通常说:应该用栏杆围起来",或"应该把它用栏杆围起来",而不是"应该被用栏杆围起来"。
学习啦在线学习网 9.关于玷污、污染
学习啦在线学习网 His reputation is tarnished14._____ALD
My car was mired15. ____ ALD
学习啦在线学习网 The river was contaminated with water from the factory. ____ LDCE
Your fingers are stained with ink.
学习啦在线学习网 That cheese is mildewed16.
和第三句的contaminated意义近似的动词如pollute及 defile等,也常用于被动语态。我们说,"出污泥而不染",不是"……而不被染"。
10.关于惶惑、慌乱
I was confounded to hear that. ____ALD
学习啦在线学习网 They sked so many questions that I got confused. _____ALD
Tom was bewildered by the examination questions.____ALD
学习啦在线学习网 He was puzzled what to do next. ____ ALD
The Cabinet Ministers are perplexed17 as to what to do.
以上可和第六和第七两类联系起来看。
学习啦在线学习网 综观以上的例子,我们觉得中国学生学英语不只是要记住动词被动语态的形式,尤其要留心,在什么情况下,英语一定比汉语更常用被动语态;要留心哪些动词是这样用的,哪些动词虽有各种不同用法,但专指某一特殊意义时一定用被动形式。有些特殊被动语态,几乎习语化了,也是不可忽视的,如下面两个句子:
My hints were lost upon him.___ ALD
学习啦在线学习网 My advice was thrown away upon him.___ALD
下面这类以it开头的被动语态,初学者不会使用的大有人在,以致语言死板,并违反英语习惯。
It is observed that…
It may be observed that…
It will be observed that…
It remains18 to be observed that…
如此等等。他们只知说“We may observe that…”之类,因为这与汉语结构接近。
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