托业考试真题阅读
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历年托业考试之阅读部分真题
学习啦在线学习网Questions 20-22
学习啦在线学习网Many prehistoric people subsisted as hunters and gatherers. Undoubtedly, game animals, including some very large species, provided major components of human diets. An important controversy centering on the question of human effects on prehistoric wildlife.
Line concerns the sudden disappearance of so many species of large animals at or near the end of the Pleistocene epoch. Most paleontologists suspect that abrupt changes in climate led to the mass extinctions. Others, however, have concluded that prehistoric people drove many of those species to extinction through overhunting. In their "Pleistocene overkill prehistoric peoples in North and South America and the time during which mammoths, giant ground sloths, the giant bison, and numerous other large mammals became extinct.
学习啦在线学习网Perhaps the human species was driving others to extinction long before the dawn of history.
学习啦在线学习网Hunter-gatherers may have contributed to Pleistocene extinctions in more indirect ways. Besides overhunting, at least three other kinds of effects have been suggested:
direct competition, imbalances between competing species of game animals, and early agricultural practices. Direct competition may have brought about the demise of large carnivores such as the saber-toothed cats. These animals simply may have been unable to compete with the increasingly sophisticated hunting skills of Pleistocene people. Human hunters could have caused imbalances among game animals, leading to the extinctions of species less able to compete. When other predators such as the gray wolf prey upon large mammals, they generally take high proportions of each year s crop of young. Some human hunters, in contrast, tend to take the various age-groups of large animals in proportion to their actual occurrence. If such hunters first competed with the larger predators and then replaced them. they may have allowed more young to survive each year, gradually increasing the populations of favored species As these populations expanded, they in turn may have competed with other game species for the same environmental niche, forcing the less hunted species into extinction. This theory, suggests that human hunters played an indirect role in Pleistocene extinctions by hunting one species more than another.
学习啦在线学习网20. What does the passage mainly discuss?
学习啦在线学习网(A) The effects of human activities on prehistoric wildlife
(B) The origins of the hunter-gatherer way of life
学习啦在线学习网(C) The diets of large animals of the Pleistocene epoch
学习啦在线学习网(D) The change in climate at the end of the Pleistocene epoch
学习啦在线学习网21. The word "Undoubtedly" in line I is closest in meaning to
(A) occasionally
学习啦在线学习网(B) unexpectedly
学习啦在线学习网(C) previously
学习啦在线学习网(D) certainly
22. The word "components" in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) parts
(B) problems
学习啦在线学习网(C) changes
学习啦在线学习网(D) varieties
历年托业考试之阅读真题
Questions 10-19
No two comets ever look identical, but they have basic features in common, one of the
most obvious of which is a coma. A coma looks like a misty, patch of light with one or more
tails often streaming from it in the direction away from the Sun.
Line At the heart of a comet’s coma lies a nucleus of solid material, typically no more than
学习啦在线学习网(5) 10 kilometers across. The visible coma is a huge cloud of gas and dust that has escaped
from the nucleus, which it then surrounds like an extended atmosphere. The coma can extend as far as a million kilometers outward from the nucleus. Around the coma there is often an even larger invisible envelope of hydrogen gas.
The most graphic proof that the grand spectacle of a comet develops from a relatively
(10) small and inconspicuous chunk of ice and dust was the close-up image obtained in 1986 by the European Giotto probe of the nucleus of Halley’s Comet. It turned out to be a bit like a
学习啦在线学习网very dark asteroid, measuring 16 by 8 kilometers. Ices have evaporated from its outer layers
to leave a crust of nearly black dust all over the surface. Bright jets of gas from evaporating
ice burst out on the side facing the Sun, where the surface gets heated up, carrying dust
(15) with them. This is how the coma and the tails are created.
学习啦在线学习网Comets grow tails only when they get warm enough for ice and dust to boil off. As a
comet’s orbit brings it closer to the Sun, first the coma grows, then two distinct tails usually
form. One, the less common kind, contains electrically charged (i.e., ionized) atoms of gas,
which are blown off directly in the direction away from the Sun by the magnetic field of
学习啦在线学习网(20) the solar wind. The other tail is made of neutral dust particles, which get gently pushed back by the pressure of the sunlight itself. Unlike the ion tail, which is straight, the dust tail
学习啦在线学习网becomes curved as the particles follow their own orbits around the Sun.
I0. The passage focuses on comets primarily in terms of their
(A) orbital patterns
(B) coma and tails
(C) brightness
(D) size
11. The word "identical" in line I is closest in meaning to
(A) equally fast
学习啦在线学习网(B) exactly alike
(C) near each other
学习啦在线学习网(D) invisible
学习啦在线学习网12. The word "heart" in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) center
(B) edge
(C) tail
(D) beginning
13. Why does the author mention the Giotto probe in paragraph 3?
(A) It had a relatively small and inconspicuous nucleus.
(B) It was very similar to an asteroid.
(C) It was covered with an unusual black dust.
(D) It provided visual evidence of the makeup of a comet’s nucleus.
学习啦在线学习网14. It can be inferred from the passage that the nucleus of a comet is made up of
学习啦在线学习网(A) dust and gas
(B) ice and dust
学习啦在线学习网(C) hydrogen gas
(D) electrically charged atoms
15. The word "graphic" in line 9 is closest in meaning to
学习啦在线学习网(A) mathematical
学习啦在线学习网(B) popular
学习啦在线学习网(C) unusual
(D) vivid
学习啦在线学习网16. Which of the following occurred as the ices from Halley’s Comet evaporated?
(A) Black dust was left on the comet’s surface.
(B) The nucleus of the comet expanded.
(C) The tail of the comet straightened out.
学习啦在线学习网(D) Jets of gas caused the comet to increase its speed.
17. All of the following statements about the tails of comets are true EXCEPT:
(A) They can contain electrically charged or neutral particles.
学习啦在线学习网(B) They can be formed only when there is sufficient heat.
学习啦在线学习网(C) They are formed before the coma expands.
学习啦在线学习网(D) They always point in the direction away from the Sun.
学习啦在线学习网18. The word "distinct" in line 17 is closest in meaning to
学习啦在线学习网(A) visible
学习啦在线学习网(B) gaseous
学习啦在线学习网(C) separate
(D) new
学习啦在线学习网19. Compared to the tail of electrically charged atoms, the tail of neutral dust particles is
relatively
(A) long
(B) curved
(C) unpredictable
(D) bright
2013托业考试真题及答案：阅读
There are four underlined sections in the text below. Select the one which is wrong.
学习啦在线学习网The technology, developed in coal-rich Germany in the 1920s, involves partly burning coal to turn it into a gas, then using a catalyst, usually a metal, make it a liquid.
学习啦在线学习网Education should emphasize our interdependence with peoples, with other species and with the planet as a whole.
学习啦在线学习网Should we really speak of the breakdown of families when we are perhaps witnessing new family forms and a new social structure arising late capitalism?
Public opinion polls have consistently demonstrated the publics willingness for “tradeoff” economic growth for environmental protection.
学习啦在线学习网Most of the large industries in the country are well organized and structured and are sometimes backed up internationally reputable mother companies.
学习啦在线学习网答案: l Make it to make it l With with other l Arising arising from l For to l Backed up backed up by
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