故宫天坛颐和园英语导游词范文
天坛公园，是明清两代皇帝每年祭天和祈祷五谷丰收的地方。天坛以严谨的建筑布局、奇特的建筑构造和瑰丽的建筑装饰著称于世。接下来是小编为大家整理的关于天坛英语导游词范文，方便大家阅读与鉴赏!
天坛英语导游词范文1
Dear tourists
学习啦在线学习网hello everyone!
Today we are going to visit the temple of heaven, the place where the emperor worshiped heaven.
学习啦在线学习网The temple of heaven is a sacred hall built by Emperor Yongle of Ming Dynasty. The main building is the Great Hall of worship, which is today's Hall of praying for new year. The temple of heaven has two walls: the outer wall and the inner wall. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong, the Great Hall of worship was changed into the present Hall of praying for the new year, and the roof was changed into blue glazed tiles, forming the world's largest architectural complex of worshipping heaven.
学习啦在线学习网In 1860, the holy land for worshiping heaven was looted by the British and French allied forces, and in 1900, it was ravaged by the Eight Power Allied forces. After the founding of new China, it became a famous tourist attraction, as well as a lot of fitness people.
学习啦在线学习网Now let's start our tour along the route that the emperor ascended the altar.
Now we are going south along the central axis of the temple of heaven. What we are going to see is the Circular Mound Altar where the ancient emperors offered sacrifices to heaven. Yuanqiu altar has two walls, which are square outside and round inside, in line with the statement that the sky is round and the place is round. Each wall has four groups of doors, the size of the doors are not the same, this is because the middle door is dedicated to the emperor, so tall, the emperor can only enter from the left side.
Other officials can only pass through the smallest door on the right. When we come to the bottom of Yuanqiu altar, we are going to climb it soon. But please count how many steps there are on each level. When you get to the top, you will find that all the orders on the altar are nine or multiples of nine. Are these all coincidences? Of course not, because the ancients believed that the number of the extreme Yang of nine. So the craftsmen used this number to give the altar the meaning of "Loftiness".
学习啦在线学习网Thank you for coming to the temple of heaven in Beijing. Welcome to come again next time!
天坛英语导游词范文2
Hello, everyone. I'm your guide. In the next few days, you can just call me season guide. First of all, welcome to this beautiful and magnificent temple of heaven! Today we mainly visit the Qigu altar, Qinian hall, Yuanqiu altar, zhaigong and other places of interest. When visiting, please throw the garbage into the dustbin, or carry plastic bags, strive to be civilized tourists!
In fact, the temple of heaven is the place for the Ming and Qing emperors to "worship heaven" and "pray for the valley", which is located in the east of Zhengyang gate. The altar is round in the north and square in the south, which means "round heaven and round place". Neitan, where we are now, is divided into North and south parts. Tourists, look at the building in the north. It's called "Qigu altar". It is said that in the Qing and Ming Dynasties, because the productivity was very low at that time and the harvest was controlled by God, a special "grain praying altar" was built in the north to pray for a good harvest. Every year, the emperor prayed to God in spring to give the world a good harvest.
Please follow me. We are now at the "Hall of praying for new year" in the center of the inner altar. It is located on a three story round stone platform tomb. It is a round hall with triple eaves, 38 meters high and 30 meters in diameter. The three halls have dark blue glazed tiles, which are reduced layer by layer and radiate in shape. The top is crowned with a huge gilded top. This hall has great artistic value in architecture and modeling. The white platform symbolizes white clouds, the dark blue ceiling symbolizes the sky, and the pillars, colored paintings and gilded ceiling symbolize the rosy clouds. All of these make a beautiful shape of blue sky and jade world.
学习啦在线学习网Tourists, look at this magnificent building in the south, the "round Mound Altar", which is specially used to worship heaven on the winter solstice. The central building is a huge round stone platform called "round mound". The total length between the two altars is 360 meters, which is higher than the ground corridor. The Danbi bridge is connected to form a 1200 meter long north-south axis of the temple of heaven, with a large area of ancient Berlin on both sides.
Through the corridor, we see the building is the "Zhai Palace" on the south side of the west gate. It is said to be the residence of the emperor during fasting before praying. "Zhaigong" also got its name.
学习啦在线学习网After listening to my introduction, you must want to enjoy the beautiful scenery of the temple of heaven carefully, take photos and leave a message. The following time is for you, you have enough time to swim. One hour later, we are still gathering here. I hope you will observe the time and keep the garden clean. See you later!
天坛英语导游词范文3
学习啦在线学习网hello everyone.
I'm Liu Xueqi, the guide of the temple of heaven in Beijing. You can call me Liu. Today I will accompany you on a tour of the temple of heaven in Beijing.
What we see now is the temple of heaven. The temple of heaven is the place where the emperors of Ming and Qing Dynasties worship heaven and pray for harvest. It is also the largest existing temple in China. The temple of heaven is 1700 meters long from east to west and 1600 meters long from south to north. With a total area of 2.73 million square meters, there are outer altar wall and inner altar wall. The north side is round, and the south side is square, symbolizing "a round sky and a round place".
Now please follow me inside. Here is the hall of praying for new year. It is 38.2 meters high and 24.2 meters in diameter. It faces south from the north. The whole hall is made of wood. Four golden dragons are carved in it, representing the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter. The rest represent twelve months and twelve hours.
Further inside is the echo wall, which is made of polished bricks and covered with blue glass tiles. The echo wall has a peculiar echo effect. When one person talks against the wall and reaches the other end of one or two hundred meters, the other side can hear it clearly, which can be called strange and interesting, creating a mysterious atmosphere of "interaction between heaven and man". Let's have a try.
学习啦在线学习网Please look at the outside of Huiyin wall. It's a cypress over 500 years old. Because the texture of the trunk is very strange, it looks like nine dragons winding around and playing, so it's called Jiulong cypress. You can take a picture with it.
学习啦在线学习网Dear tourists, today's one-day tour of the temple of heaven in Beijing is coming to an end. Do you have a good time? I hope I can be a tour guide for you next time.
天坛英语导游词范文4
Ladies and gentlemen
hello everyone! We are now at the zhaoheng gate of the temple of heaven, which is the South Gate of the temple of heaven.
The temple of heaven, located in the southeast of Beijing City, was originally the holy land for the emperors of Ming and Qing Dynasties to worship the heaven and pray for the valley. It is the world's largest existing architectural complex to worship the heaven.
学习啦在线学习网The temple of heaven was built from the 4th to 18th year of Yongle (1406-1420) of the Ming Dynasty. It was built at the same time as the Forbidden City (the Forbidden City). It took 14 years and has a history of more than 580 years. It covers an area of 273 hectares, 3.7 times larger than the Forbidden City and slightly smaller than the summer palace. The layout of the whole building is in the shape of "Hui", which is divided into two parts: the inner and outer altar, each surrounded by the altar wall. The total length of the outer altar wall is 6416 meters. Originally, there was only the west gate, which was the main gate of the temple of heaven. It was the gate that the emperor went in and out when he came to the temple of heaven for sacrifice. Today's East, South and north gates were all opened later. The total length of the inner altar wall is 3292 meters, with four "Tianmen" in the East, South, West and North. In the early Ming Dynasty, the festival of heaven and earth was held here, which was called heaven and Earth altar. In 1530, another Fangze altar (Ditan) was built in the northern suburb of Jiajing, and then the heaven and earth were sacrificed separately. From then on, it was dedicated to offering sacrifices to heaven and became a veritable Temple of heaven. Feudal emperors of all dynasties attached great importance to the activities of offering sacrifices to heaven and visited the temple of heaven twice a year. The first time was on the 15th of the first month of the lunar calendar, a grain praying ceremony was held in the hall of praying for new year to pray for the "emperor's God" to bless the harvest. The second time was on the winter solstice, when we arrived at the Yuanqiu altar to report the harvest and thank the emperor for his blessing. After the founding of new China, the temple of heaven returned to the hands of the people who were really masters of the country, and was listed as a national key cultural relics protection unit.
学习啦在线学习网When we go in through the south gate and walk northward, the first thing we see is the three tall stone platforms in the west of zhaohengmen, which are called the platform. There is a long pole on the stage, which is called wangdeng pole. The pole was built in 1530, the ninth year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty. The pole is nine feet and nine inches long. When offering sacrifices to heaven, each of the three lanterns has a big lantern with a diameter of six feet and a height of eight feet. The lantern is specially made, four feet long and one foot thick, and has a convex dragon pattern. It can burn for 12 hours and is called "Panlong all night treasure wax".
Now in front of us is the Yuanqiu altar, commonly known as the sacrificial platform, which is worthy of the name of the temple of heaven. Built in 1530 (the ninth year of Jiajing reign of Ming Dynasty) and expanded in 1749 (the fourteenth year of Qianlong reign of Qing Dynasty), it is a three-layer stone platform surrounded by white stone railings, with a height of five meters. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the ceremony of offering sacrifices to heaven was held in person by the emperor on the winter solstice every year. There are many magical and interesting views on the architectural form of Yuanqiu altar. This is an outstanding building designed by the ancient Chinese people skillfully using the principles of geometry. The mathematical calculation of various building materials is extremely accurate, including the meaning and application of "Nine", which is praised and marveled by the vast number of visitors at home and abroad.
The altar is divided into three layers with nine steps on each side. Each floor is surrounded by carved white marble railings. The number of railings is nine or multiple of nine, that is, 72 in the upper layer, 108 in the middle layer and 180 in the lower layer. At the same time, the fan shaped stone slabs laid in each layer are also multiples of nine or nine. For example, the center of the top layer is a round marble (called Tianxin stone or Taiji stone). From the center stone outward, there are 9 pieces in the first ring, 18 pieces in the second ring and 81 pieces in the ninth ring; the middle layer is from 90 pieces in the tenth ring to 162 pieces in the 18th ring; the lower layer is from 171 pieces in the 19th ring to 243 pieces in the 27th ring. There are 378 "nines" in the three layers, which are 3402 pieces. At the same time, the diameter of the upper layer is 9 Zhangs (take 19), the diameter of the middle layer is 15 Zhangs (take 35), and the diameter of the lower layer is 21 Zhangs (take 37). The combined diameter of 45 Zhangs is not only a multiple of nine, but also the meaning of "Ninth Five Year Plan".
Why use nine or multiple of nine to design and build the altar? The reasons are as follows: 1. According to the legend, the emperor lives in the nine fold heaven, and uses the nine or multiple of nine to symbolize the nine fold heaven, so as to show the supreme and the greatest of the celestial bodies. 2、 In ancient China, odd numbers were regarded as positive numbers, while even numbers were regarded as negative numbers. The heaven is Yang and the earth is Yin. The temple of heaven is used to offer sacrifices to heaven. It can only be built with Yang number. And "Nine" is regarded as "extreme Yang number", which is the most auspicious number. In addition to feudal superstition, this kind of design regulation reflects the superb mathematical knowledge and computational ability of craftsmen at that time, which is really amazing.
学习啦在线学习网From the south gate to the Yuanqiu altar, there is a burnt stove made of green glazed bricks in the south corner of the inner wall. It is the place where pine and cypress wood is burned during the sacrificial ceremony, and the memorial tablets and silk are burned after the sacrificial ceremony. There is a burying ridge beside the burnt stove. At the end of the sacrificial ceremony, the tail hair blood of the whole cattle is buried in the camp, which symbolizes the meaning of drinking blood from the ancestors. As you can see, there are eight burning stoves in front of the burnt stove. These stoves are specially used for burning pine and cypress branches, pine flowers, pine pagodas, etc. when offering sacrifices to heaven. There are also a pair of stoves in the East and west gate of the altar.
Now we come to the imperial vault, which has a history of more than 400 years. The hall is 19.5 meters high and 15.6 meters in diameter at the bottom. The whole hall is supported by eight eaves columns, with no crossbeam on the top. It is made up of many bucket arches and the ceiling shrinks layer by layer, forming a beautiful dome shaped caisson. The stone platform throne in the center of the hall is the place where the God card of the emperor is placed; the stone platform on the left and right in front of the throne is the place where the ancestral tablets of the emperor are placed. The East and west hall outside the hall is the place for worshiping the sun, moon, stars, clouds, rain, wind and thunder. Now it is displayed as it is, and there are wax statues of officials offering sacrifices to heaven in the Qing Dynasty.
Now I'd like to introduce the echo wall, which refers to the high circular wall surrounding the imperial vault and the East and west side halls. The perimeter of the wall is 193.2m, the diameter is 61.5m, the height is 3.72M and the thickness is 0.9m. If two people stand under the wall behind the East and west side halls in the courtyard, both face north and speak in a low voice to the wall, they can talk to each other as if they were on the phone. It's very wonderful and interesting. That's why echo wall got its name.
Here is the charming echo of the round stone
There is a round stone in the center of the upper layer of the Circular Mound Altar, which is another wonder that tourists are most interested in. When you stand on the center stone and speak softly, your voice sounds grand and resonant. However, people who stand outside the second and third ring roads do not have this feeling. Why? It turns out that this is also a kind of acoustic phenomenon: because the surface of the altar is very smooth, the sound waves can be reflected quickly after they reach the stone fence boards with equal distance around. According to the test of acoustic experts, the time from pronunciation to sound wave and back to the center stone is only 0.07 seconds. The speaker can't distinguish the original sound from the echo at all, so the resonance echo of the person standing on the center stone is especially loud. The feudal rulers described this acoustic phenomenon as "hanging from the sky", which was the boundless return and consistent response of all the people in the world to the imperial court. At the same time, they gave the name of "yizhaojing Congshi".
We come out from the west of huangqiongyu, where there is an ancient cypress named jiulongbai. Its trunk is twisted and twisted, just like nine coiled dragons, so it gets its name. It is said that this ancient cypress had a history of nearly a thousand years before it was built. In the temple of heaven, pine and cypress trees with long age, big height, no withering in four seasons and lush green are widely planted. The sea of trees, the forest, the forest, the forest, the forest, the forest, the forest, the forest, the forest, the forest, the forest, the forest, the forest, the forest, the forest, the forest, the forest, the forest, the forest, the forest, the forest, the forest, the forest, the forest, the forest.
The road under our feet is called Danbi bridge
It's clearly a straight and straight Avenue. Why is it also called "bridge"? Because there is a ticket hole under the road, which just forms a three-dimensional intersection with the avenue above, so it's called bridge. This is a north-south stone terrace road. The total length is 360 meters and the width is about 30 meters. The whole bridge body rises gradually from south to north. The south end is about 1 meter high and the north end is about 3 meters high. This design and construction, on the one hand, symbolizes the emperor's rising step by step, implying the meaning of rising to heaven; on the other hand, it means that there is a long distance from the world to the sky. Danbi bridge is the main axis of the inner altar of the temple of heaven, which plays an important role in connecting two groups of buildings: the south end of the circular Hill altar and the north end of the Qigu altar. The stone road on the center line of the bridge deck is called "Shinto", and the stone roads on the left and right sides of Shinto are respectively called "royal road" and "royal road". The gods of heaven follow the "Shinto", the emperors follow the royal way, and the princes and ministers follow the royal way.
学习啦在线学习网At the moment, we are standing at the entrance of Jinxian gate, commonly known as "Guimenguan". Why is it called "Guimenguan"? Because before the memorial day, the "Suo Mu" and "Suo Jun" of the sacrifice house in the southwest corner of Waitan need to transport cattle, sheep, deer and rabbits from west to east from the entrance to the slaughter Pavilion. This activity is called "Jinzhu". Because all the livestock passing through this gate were slaughtered and used to make offerings, it was called "ghost gate".
Continue to walk north along the Danbi bridge, and now on our left is the platform of concrete clothes, which is located on the east side of the north section of Danbi bridge and is a convex platform. This is the place where the emperor changed his coronal clothes (ceremonial clothes) when he went to the hall of praying for new year to worship the grain.
学习啦在线学习网In the west is zhaigong, which is located in the pines and cypresses on the south side of the inner avenue of the West Tianmen. It used to be the place where feudal emperors fasted and bathed before they came to the temple of heaven to pray for grain and worship. Zhaigong, covering an area of 40000 square meters, is a square building with a main hall, a bedroom and a bell tower. It is surrounded by two walls and a moat. The buildings are exquisite and the guards are strict. When you enter the main entrance of zhaigong, you will see the majestic main hall with red walls and green tiles. It is said that this kind of green tile is used to show that the emperor did not dare to be arrogant at this time, but could only "be a minister to heaven". The hall is divided into five rooms, arched and brick structure. The whole hall does not use beams or large beams, so it is also called "no beam hall". There are two stone pavilions on the Danlong in front of the hall, and the one on the right is smaller, which is the place to put the time tablet. The one on the left is square and tall, which is called "the stone pavilion of fasting bronze man". According to historical records, during the emperor's fasting period, there was a square piece of cloth covered with yellow cloud satin, and a bronze statue one foot and five inches high. The bronze man worshipped a bamboo plate with both hands, engraved with the word "fast" to make the emperor "startling and respectful". It means that the emperor should be alert and never forget to fast attentively. There are three forms of fasting bronze man in Qing Dynasty: one is the statue of Wei Zheng, a famous official in Tang Dynasty, one is the statue of Leng Qian, a music official in early Ming Dynasty, and the other is the statue of Gang Bing, a eunuch in Ming Dynasty. It is said that these three people are famous for their uprightness and courage to remonstrate in history. This system was established in the 11th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty, and it was also used in Qing Dynasty. According to the regulations, the bronze figure here is lengqian.
Now in front of us are the hall of praying for new year and the altar of praying for grain
This is the holy place for the Ming and Qing emperors Meng chun to pray for the valley. The hall of praying for the new year adopts the structural form of upper room and lower altar. The triple eaves are folded up layer by layer and made into umbrellas. It is erected on the round altar surrounded by three layers of white stone carvings with a height of 5.6 meters and an area of 5900 square meters. The hall of praying for the new year is commonly known as the beamless hall. The whole building does not need long purlin and nails, but is completely supported and tenoned by 28 Optimus pillars and numerous Fang, Mu Dui, Jue, bolt. The hall was built in 1420, the 18th year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty. It was originally known as the great sacrificial hall and was rectangular. In the ninth year of Jiajing reign in the Ming Dynasty (1530), it was changed into a round hall with triple eaves and covered with green, yellow and green tiles from top to bottom, which was renamed Daxing hall. In the 17th year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty (175), the name was changed to today's name. At the same time, it was changed to cover with dark blue glazed tiles to symbolize the blue sky. In 1889, the hall was destroyed by thunder and fire and rebuilt the following year. The bronze cauldron and furnace displayed in front of the hall are all relics of hundreds of years ago. It is said that the number of pillars in the temple was set up according to the celestial phenomena. The four gilt pillars in the inner layer are called "Longjing pillars". They are 18.5 meters high and 1.2 meters in diameter at the bottom. They are also difficult to embrace, symbolizing the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter. The 12 red pillars in the middle symbolize 12 months of a year. The outer 12 eaves pillars symbolize the 12 hours of the day. The 12 gold pillars in the middle layer and the 12 eaves pillars in the outer layer add up to 24, symbolizing the 24 solar terms in a year. The golden column, eaves column and Longjing column add up to 28, symbolizing the 28 constellations in the sky. Add 8 child pillars around the caisson on the top of the palace, a total of 36, symbolizing 36 Tiangang. The Lei Gong column in the center of Baoding symbolizes the "unification" of the emperor of heaven.
What we see below is Huangqian hall. It used to be the place where the tablets of God and ancestors of the emperor were placed. It is also known as the bedchamber of qigutan. Later, the banners, ceremonial guards and musical instruments used in the sacrificial ceremony were also stored here. There are many sacrificial relics in it. Now they are displayed as they are, and there are wax statues of the emperors of the Qing Dynasty for tourists to see all the year round.
Located on the East and west sides of the courtyard in front of the platform of the hall of praying for the new year, are the East and west side halls, which were used to place the memorial tablets of sun, moon, star, Chen, cloud, rain, wind and thunder respectively. Now it is respectively set up to display the ancient music and etiquette of the imperial court, as well as the memorial tablets of sun, moon, star and Chen.
What we see now is that the "divine kitchen" used to be a place where animals were slaughtered and sacrifices were made. Below you can see the God's storehouse, the storehouse for collecting sacrifices. Now it passes through a W-shaped corridor with 72 rooms, which plays an important role in connecting the grain praying altar, the God kitchen, the God storehouse and transporting sacrifices. The number of rooms in the corridor is exactly the same as that of 72 Disha. In the past, it is said that this is the place where Disha ghosts gather. The lantern type vertical lights in the corridor are dim and gloomy. Later, the window sill was removed, which greatly changed the landscape of the corridor and became a good place for people to play.
Tianquan well is located in front of the gate of shenku, which is named for its clear and sweet water. All the food and pastries used in offering sacrifices to heaven and praying for grain are made with this water.
Now on our left is the seven star stone, which is located in the open field on the southeast side of the corridor. There are seven big stones and one small stone. According to legend, when Emperor Yongle of Ming Dynasty moved his capital to Beijing, he wanted to build a temple for heaven and earth, but it was difficult to find a suitable place. At this time, one night he dreamt that the Big Dipper in the sky landed here, which was called tiansuiyi. He solved the problem of indecision and ordered to build an altar here. According to the records, the seven star stone was carved and placed here in the ninth year of Jiajing reign of Ming Dynasty. Emperor Jiajing was very superstitious in Taoism. Taoists told him that the South and east of the hall of praying for new year was too empty, which was not good for his throne and life. So the seven star stone was set here to suppress Feng Shui. There is also a small stone in the northeast corner of the seven star stone, which is said to have been added by the rulers of the Qing Dynasty to commemorate the merits of their ancestors. It is located in the northeast of the seven star stone, to show that do not forget the original meaning.
This is the east gate of the temple of heaven. I'll introduce you to the temple of heaven. Thank you.
天坛英语导游词范文5
学习啦在线学习网Dear tourists
学习啦在线学习网What we are going to visit today is the temple of heaven, the place where emperors used to worship heaven. After Yongle Emperor of Ming Dynasty moved his capital to Beijing, he built the altar for worshiping heaven in the south of Beijing, which imitated the Great Hall of Nanjing, covering an area of 2.73 million square meters. The main building is the great memorial hall, which is the location of the hall of praying for new year. The temple of heaven has outer wall and inner wall. It is round in the north and square in the south.
At the beginning, the temple of heaven and the temple of earth were both Temple of heaven. It was not until the temple of earth was built in Beicheng during the Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty that they were separated, and a new round Mound Altar was added for the worship of heaven in the winter of Meng Dynasty. The original Hall of great sacrifice was changed into the hall of great enjoyment, which was specially used for praying for the valley in the spring of Meng Dynasty. At that time, the roof of the hall was already triple eaves, and the blue, yellow and green tiles from top to bottom represented all things in the world. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong, the hall of Da Xiang was changed into the hall of praying for new year, and the roof tiles were changed into blue glazed tiles. Thus, we have formed the world's largest architectural complex of offering sacrifices to heaven. However, such a holy place for worshiping heaven was once looted by the British and French allied forces in 1860, and then by the Eight Allied forces in 1900. When Yuan Shikai ascended the throne in 1916, he also staged a farce of sacrificing heaven in the temple of heaven.
学习啦在线学习网In 1918, the temple of heaven was finally opened as a park. After liberation, the temple of heaven has not only become a famous tourist attraction, but also an integral part of Beijing's urban green space. Not only tourists come here, but also some elderly people who are dedicated to physical fitness. Now let's start this tour along the route that the emperor ascended the altar. Now we are going south along the central axis of the temple of heaven. What we are going to see is the Circular Mound Altar where the ancient emperors offered sacrifices to heaven. There are two enclosure walls in the round hill, which make the outside square and the inside round, in line with the statement that the sky is round and the place is round. Each wall has four groups of Lingxing gates. From the East, there are Taiyuan, zhaoheng, Guangli and Chengzhen in turn. There are three gates in each group, and there are 24 in total, which is called "Yunmen Yuli". You can notice that the size of the Lingxing gate is different, because the middle gate is dedicated to God, so it is tall; the emperor can only enter through the left gate; and other officials can only pass through the smallest gate on the right. The platform outside the gate is the place where the emperor changed his ceremonial clothes and washes before the ceremony, which is called the platform with clothes. When we come to the bottom of the round hill altar, we are going to climb it soon. But I ask you to pay attention to the number of steps on each level of the altar. At the highest level, you will find that the number of steps and guard boards on the altar is nine or a multiple of nine. Every time you climb a floor, you have to have nine steps. The stone in the middle of the table is called Tianxin stone, and the first circle around it is built with nine huge fan-shaped stone slabs.
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故宫天坛颐和园英语导游词范文
