sci论文写作常用句型
学习啦在线学习网sci论文写作常用句型
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sci论文写作常用句型
文献简介
学习啦在线学习网 1. Recently investigators have examined the effects of X on Y.
学习啦在线学习网 2. In the past two decades a number of researchers have sought to determine ......
3. Previous studies have reported ......
学习啦在线学习网 4. A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies ......
学习啦在线学习网 5. Smith (1984: 217) shows how, in the past, research into X was mainly concerned with .......
6. Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) showed that ......
7. The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with ......
学习啦在线学习网 8. Recent evidence suggests that .......
9. Several attemps have been made to ......
学习啦在线学习网 10. A number of researchers have reported ......
11. Xs were reported in the first models of Y (e.g., Smith, 1977; Smith, & Patel, 1977).
12. What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how ...... Studies of X show the importance of .....
强调研究领域存在的问题
1. However, these rapid changes are having a serious effect ......
2. However, a major problem with this kind of application is ......
3. Lack of X has existed as a health problem for many years.Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several major drawbacks:
学习啦在线学习网 4. However, research has consistently shown that first year students have not attained an adequate understanding of ......
学习啦在线学习网 5. There is increasing concern that some Xs are being disadvantaged ......
学习啦在线学习网 6. Despite its long clinical success, X has a number of problems in use.
7. Questions have been raised about the safety of prolonged use of ......
学习啦在线学习网 强调研究领域存在的争议
学习啦在线学习网 1. To date there has been little agreement on what ......
学习啦在线学习网 2. More recently, literature has emerged that offers contradictory findings about .....
学习啦在线学习网 3. One observer has already drawn attention to the paradox in ......
学习啦在线学习网 4. In many Xs a debate is taking place between Ys and Zs concerning ......
5. The controversy about scientific evidence for X has raged unabated for over a century.
6. Debate continues about the best strategies for the management of ......
学习啦在线学习网 7. This concept has recently been challenged by ....... studies demonstrating .......
强调研究领域的知识差距
学习啦在线学习网 1. So far, however, there has been little discussion about ......
学习啦在线学习网 2. Little is known about X and it is not clear what factors .......
3. However, far too little attention has been paid to ......
4. In addition, no research has been found that surveyed .......
5. So far this method has only been applied to ......
6. This indicates a need to understand the various perceptions of poverty that exist among ......
7.However, the evidence for this relationship is inconclusive ......
8.What is not yet clear is the impact of X on ......
9.The neurobiological basis of this X is poorly understood.
10. However, much uncertainty still exists about the relation between ......
11. Until recently, there has been no reliable evidence that ......
12. However, there have been no controlled studies which compare differences in ......
13. Several studies have produced estimates of X (Smith, 2002; Jones, 2003), but there is still insufficient data for .....
14. No previous study has investigated X
学习啦在线学习网 15. Although extensive research has been carried out on ...., no single study exists which .... ..
强调前人研究的不足之处
1. Most studies in the field of X have only focussed on ......
学习啦在线学习网 2. Most studies in X have only been carried out in a small number of areas.
3. The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.
4. The experimental data are rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about ......
学习啦在线学习网 5. Such expositions are unsatisfactory because they .....
6. However, few writers have been able to draw on any structured research into the opinions and attitudes of ......
学习啦在线学习网 7. The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y.
学习啦在线学习网 8. The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y.
9. Researchers have not treated X in much detail.
学习啦在线学习网 10. Previous studies of X have not dealt with ......
11. Half of the studies evaluated failed to specify whether ......
12. However, much of the research up to now has been descriptive in nature ....
13. Although extensive research has been carried out on X, no single study exists which adequately covers ......
14. However, these results were based upon data from over 30 years ago and it is unclear if these differences still persist.
学习啦在线学习网 15. X's analysis does not take account of ..... nor does he examine ......
重申研究目的
1. Part of the aim of this project is to develop software that is compatible with X operating system.
2. The main purpose of this study is to develop an understanding of ......
学习啦在线学习网 3. There are two primary aims of this study: 1. To investigate ...... 2. To ascertain ......
4. The aim of this research project has therefore been to try and establish what ......
5. The aim of this study is to investigate the differences between ......
6. The main aim of this investigation is to assess the doses and risks associated with ......
7. This thesis intends to determine the extent to which ...... and whether .....
8. This thesis will examine the way in which the .......
学习啦在线学习网 9. This research examines the emerging role of X in the context of ......
学习啦在线学习网 10. This dissertation seeks to explain the development of .......
学习啦在线学习网 11. This case study seeks to examine the changing nature of .....
学习啦在线学习网 12. Drawing upon two stands of research into X, this study attempts to ......
13. The aim of ths study is to shine new light on these debates through an examination of ......
14. The major objective of this study was to investigate ......
学习啦在线学习网 15. One purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which these factors were ......
学习啦在线学习网 16. The objectives of this research are to determine ......
17. This study therefore set out to assess the effect of management by ......, and the effect of ......
18. This study systematically reviews the data for......, aiming to provide clarity surrounding the role of .....
研究问题/假设
1. The central question in this dissertation asks how ......
学习啦在线学习网 2. In particular, this dissertation will examine six main research questions:
学习啦在线学习网 3. The hypothesis that will be tested is that ......
4. The key research question of this study was thus whether or not ......
5. This study aimed to address the following research questions:
6. Another question is whether ......
介绍方法、数据的来源
学习啦在线学习网 1. This dissertation follows a case-study design, with in-depth analysis of ...... 2. This study was exploratory and interpretative in nature.
3. The approach to empirical research adopted for this study was one of a qualitative, semi- structured interview methodology.
4. By employing qualitative modes of enquiry, I attempt to illuminate the ......
学习啦在线学习网 This work takes the form of a case-study of the ......
5. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in this investigation.
6. Qualitative and quantitative research designs were adopted to provide both descriptive, interpretive and empirical data.
学习啦在线学习网 7. A holistc approach is utilised, integrating literary, numanistic and archeological material to establish ......
8. The research data in this thesis is drawn from four main sources: .....
9. The study was conducted in the form of a survey, with data being gathered via .......
学习啦在线学习网 10. Five works will be examined, all of which .....
表明局限性
1. Due to practical constraints, this paper cannot provide a comprehensive review of ...... It is beyond the scope of this study to examine the .......The reader should bear in mind that the study is based on a small sample of ......
学习啦在线学习网 2. Another potential problem is that the scope of my thesis may be too broad. A full discussion of X lies beyond the scope of this study.
概况研究框架
学习啦在线学习网 1. The overall structure of the study takes the form of six chapters, including this introductory chapter.
学习啦在线学习网 2. My thesis is composed of four themed chapters.
3. Chapter Two begins by laying out the theoretical dimensions of the research, and looks at how ......
学习啦在线学习网 4. The third chapter is concerned with the methodology used for this study.
学习啦在线学习网 5. The fourth section presents the findings of the research, focusing on the three key themes that have been identified in analysis.
学习啦在线学习网 6. Chapter 6 analyses the results of interviews and focus group discussions undertaken during the course of this research, ......
7. The final chapter draws upon the entire thesis, tying up the various theoretical and empirical strands in order to ......
学习啦在线学习网 8. Finally, the conclusion gives a brief summary and critique of the findings,
9. ......and includes a discussion of the implication of the findings to future research into this area.
学习啦在线学习网 10. ...... Finally, areas for further research are identified.
解释关键术语
学习啦在线学习网 1. While a variety of definitions of the term X have been suggested, this dissertation will use the definition first suggested by Smith (1968) who saw it as .......
学习啦在线学习网 2. Throughout this paper the term X will refer to/will be used to refer to .......
3. In this dissertation the acronym/abbreviation XYZ will be used.
学习啦在线学习网 4. According to ...... (2000) X can be defined as follows; " X is one of ...... "
5. The term X is a relatively new name for ...... commonly referred to as ....
精彩论文范文
学习啦在线学习网 设计·生活
学习啦在线学习网 摘要：本文通过对设计含义的分析而延伸到对当代设计与生活相互之间的联系，在由此分析作为当代设计该怎样更好的为人类、社会服务!
学习啦在线学习网 关键词：艺术设计 生活 创新 需求
一 设计的概念
设计这个词在人们日常生活中出现的频率很高，如“发型设计”、“服装设计”、“包装设计”、“美术设计”、“平面设计”、“封面设计”、“广告设计”等。我们平常所说的“动脑筋”、“想办法”等也可以看作是“设计”的一种表达，任何事物在酝酿、策划阶段都可以成为设计。“设计”已经渗透到我们社会生活的各个方面，甚至我们对于“吃什么”的这种思考也可以说是一种“设计”。设计作为一种人类有意识的活动，其含义是“在正式做某项工作之前，根据一定的目的的要求，预先制定方法、图样等”。
设计是人类自觉认识世界和改造世界的创造性活动，设计的历史与人类的历史一样久远，它与人类的起源同步，有了人就有了设计。但在整个人类社会发展的不同阶段，人们对设计的理解不尽相同。因此，“设计”一词应该是一个历史『生的概念。不同的历史近阶段，所体现出的设计也各不相同。最早制作劳动工具如石斧、石刀、弓和箭的原始猎人，是人类第一批设计师。经过漫长的发展，现在的设计已具有很强的现代性。
学习啦在线学习网 其实，设计是一种针对目标的求解活动，是以创造性的方法解决人类面临的各种的问题，或者是从现存事实转向未来可能的构思和想象。例如就一个有使用价值的东西而言，人们对其认识的标准可能会不一样，一种是科学认识为主，最求理性和定量的，注重功能和实用性的标准;一种是以感性认识为主，追求艺术形式和非定量的，注重个人感受的精神标准。理性代表的是客观事实，感性代表的是人类的态度。设计是从两种不同的认识标准中使得科学与设计有机地结合起来，从而创造出设计的文化与价值。今天的人们无时无刻不置身于人为事物的环境中。设计已经不仅是科学和技术的结果，他更是人们意愿想法的显示体现，其已经成为一种文化。
二 设计与生活
1 设计与生活的联系
现代设计作为人与自然沟通的手段、改善人类生活的方法，已经渗透到了社会的各个角落。设计由人创造，当然也与人的生活密切相关。设计艺术下面的学科包括产品设计(工业设计)、平面设计(视觉传达设计)、环境艺术设计、染织服装设计、手工艺术设计、装饰艺术设计，看这些学科无一不是为人类的生活而产生的设计，这些学科贯穿着我们的日常生活，衣、食、住、行都涵括其中。设计的本质是在对自然一人一社会系统科学认识基础上，创造满足人们需求的物品，并通过物来协调人与自然、人与人、人与环境等多种关系，使之趋于自然、和谐、从而获得价值和文化的认同。设计的本质是通过物品的实用性、精神性、审美性、文化性、创新性等方面体现出来，而设计的本质则又围绕着以人为本这一设计核心而展开。设计的本质也是由人的生活方面衍生而来。实用，即客体的某种功效、用途，反映了人的需求。设计是先有了具体的实用要求和目的，然后产生设计意念并付诸相应的行动。实用性是设计的主要意义，这是设计的一个本质特征，任何设计都要以实用性为出发点和归宿。设计的精神性指物品的使用按个人带来精神上的愉悦感、满足感、美感。我国古代思想家墨子曾说：“食必常饱，然后求美;衣必常暖，然后求丽;居必常安，然后求乐。”人们满足了最基本的物质的实用性需求，在此基础上，人们就会产生精神方面的需要。设计的欣赏性，是指设计物的内在和外在形式唤起的人的审美感受，满足人对美欣赏的需求，是设计物与人之间相互关系的高级精神功能因素。例如对平面设计来说，一个成功的设计，无论是海报、包装、还是书籍，都要给人以美的感受。文化是人类生活方式的总和，是人类社会所创造的物质财富和精神富的总和，是人的产物，是人类世界与自然世界相区别的本质因素。现在的文化已走下神坛，变成了大众的文化。而当一个实物一直没有突破改变的话，这又让人产生审美疲劳，所以，这又产生了创新的需要，创新是一个民族的灵魂。创新是艺术设计的生命的维系者，没有创新，也就意味着艺术生命的终结。
学习啦在线学习网 设计伴随着人类的发展而发展，在当代社会，设计与人们的生活更加紧密，只有认真生活过、本着“以人为本”这个理念才能做出让大众广泛接受设计。
2 消费文化与设计
社会经济的发展造就了设计的繁荣，设计促进了社会经济的发展，所以设计必须为社会经济服务、必须融于社会经济发展自己。当代社会设计已渗透到经济生活的方方面面，艺术设计也成为提高经济效益和市场竞争的根本战略和有效途径。艺术设计发展的原动力在于人们对美的不懈追求。这种追求是自发的、与生俱来的。正是这种对美好事物的向往与追求，成为推动社会经济发展的强大的动力，它满足消费者不断增长的物质需求和精神需求。反过来，设计的价值必须投入到社会经济活动中，充分体现了它的经济属性。消费这一行为表示对一个设计的认可，消费与设计相互依赖的，只有消费，设计师才能源源不断的创造设计，而只有设计，才能满足消费者的物质需要。一件设计的作品要有一个闪光点，这个点可以吸引消费者的购买欲望，这样才能说是一个设计好的开始，这也就要求我们要为社会上的大众群体所考虑。艺术家的艺术创作可以是个人的、表现的，而设计师的设计则是社会的、非表现性的，设计师在某种程度上说也承担着社会责任。
提到经济就离不开消费，生活方式在一定意义上表现为一种消费方式，一种对产品的消费方式，而艺术设计是直接为消费服务的，因此，生活方式与产品的设计与生产密切相关。消费与设计的关系实际上是设计与生活方式的联系。著名设计师索特萨斯曾说过，设计是生活方式的设计。例如对平面设计来讲，如果所做的设计没有经过对你产品所针对的社会群体进行了解，那你如何做出能够迎合他们口味的产品呢。如果经济因素占设计的主导地位，那么，这样的设计能够长久吗?答案是毫无疑问的，这样的设计没有他的精神在里面，这也导致他不可能有很长的“寿命”。如果只是为了钱而设计的作品同样会让人产生审美疲劳，最终昙花一现。例如一张产品海报，表达的信息就是告诉别人你的商品好，海报所表达的欲望是让消费者都来买你的商品，那这张海报所带来的效益是眼前的，所丢失的却是长远的利益。设计也是一种艺术，他是美的艺术，现在的社会追求的是艺术化生活，艺术化的生活，则让设计的存在更具合理性也会更加增强设计的实用性。艺术化地生活是人类的理想，是人类向往的一种自由的、艺术的更为符合人本性的生活。艺术化的生活是美的生活，这种生活是物质之美与精神之美的统一生活。在另一种意义上，这也是哲学化的生活智慧!
三 设计的“变质”及发展
设计要想为大众所广泛接受需要进行质的改变，物质化的设计是被我们遗弃的，艺术化的设计可保持设计的新鲜活力。现在的设计要“变质”，一是指从哲学的角度来做设计，二是指从艺术的角度来做设计。从哲学上来看，设计的对象是产品，但设计的目的并不是产品，而是满足人的需要，即设计是为人的设计。设计可以说是人的需要的产物，是满足人对产品及其他非产品的需要的产物。所谓需要，主要指人对某种目标的渴求和欲望。有了需要，人才会有积极的欲望，有了欲望才会创造。哲学家把人的需要解释成客体和主体、需要的对象和需要的主体的状态之间的关系，这是主体现有状态和主体应有状态之间“失调”的矛盾关系，需要得到满足，矛盾即消解。所谓动机，是指为满足某种需要而发生行为的念头或想法。它是促使人们行动的内部动力，是激发人们的行为以达到一定目的的内因。用哲学的思维来分析设计，这会走出另一种不同的路。艺术文化是物质因素与精神因素在高层次上的审美结合，设计也是物质与精神相结合的。设计要想更好的发展，在我看来，要回归于本真，即寻找精神上最初所诉求的欲望，这种欲望由生活而来，所以设计要来自于生活又回归于生活，到生活中去需找创作灵感，把自己当作一个消费者，站在消费者的角度来想什么样的设计是消费者想要的，对于他们是合适的，要知道在金字塔尖上做出的设计只有上帝一人看的到，而大众却不能接受，这样的设计毋庸置疑是失败的!把设计当做一门艺术去雕琢，让设计艺术化，艺术化中又有生活这个“地气”在，达到雅俗共赏才是真!
马克思把艺术看作是掌握世界的一种方式。当今世界已从科学时代步入后科学时代，我们的设计创造活动也要适应这个变化，进入高层次、多样化局面。只有我们在设计的形式上或是内容上推陈出新，不忘记作为设计师所做设计时应本着的初衷，这样，设计会给人类创造更美好的生活，更好的为人类服务!