2017年初三中考英语复习资料(2)
12. 比较since和for
学习啦在线学习网 Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。
I have lived here for more than twenty years.
学习啦在线学习网 I have lived here since I was born..
学习啦在线学习网 My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.
Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.
I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl.
学习啦在线学习网 My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.
学习啦在线学习网 I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.
注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years.
学习啦在线学习网 (我现在已不在这里工作。)
学习啦在线学习网 I have worked here for many years.
学习啦在线学习网 (现在我仍在这里工作。)
小窍门： 当现在完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。
1) (对) Tom has studied Russian for three years.
学习啦在线学习网 = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2) (错) Harry has got married for six years.
学习啦在线学习网 = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
学习啦在线学习网 显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
学习啦在线学习网 13. since的四种用法
1) since +过去一个时间点 (如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。
I have been here since 1989.
学习啦在线学习网 2) since +一段时间+ ago
I have been here since five months ago.
学习啦在线学习网 3) since +从句
学习啦在线学习网 Great changes have taken place since you left.
学习啦在线学习网 Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.
4) It is +一段时间+ since从句
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.
学习啦在线学习网 被动语态的几种类型
1)主语句中有一个宾语的被动语态，如：
学习啦在线学习网 He saw her in the shop yesterday.
She was seen in the shop yesterday.
2) 主语有两个宾语的被动语态
Li Lei gave me a chemistry book.
I was given a chemistry book by Li Lei.
A chemistry book was given to me by Li Lei.
3)主动句中含宾语补足语的句子的被动语态
若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加"to"。此类动词为
感官动词：feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch
学习啦在线学习网 The teacher made me go out of the classroom.
--> I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).
学习啦在线学习网 We saw him play football on the playground.
--> He was seen to play football on the playground.
学习啦在线学习网 若宾语补足语是带to的不定式，那么被动语态仍保留to:
学习啦在线学习网 Mother told me not to be late
I was told not to be late by mother.
5)情态动词+ be +过去分词，构成被动语态。
Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry.
6)表示"据说"或"相信" 的词组
believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand
It is said that… 据说
学习啦在线学习网 It is reported that… 据报道
It is believed that… 大家相信
It is hoped that… 大家希望
It is well known that… 众所周知
It is thought that… 大家认为
It is suggested that… 据建议
学习啦在线学习网 It is taken granted that… 被视为当然
学习啦在线学习网 It has been decided that… 大家决定
学习啦在线学习网 It must be remember that…务必记住的是
It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday.
14. 延续动词与瞬间动词
学习啦在线学习网 1) 用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结 果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。
学习啦在线学习网 He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)
学习啦在线学习网 I’ve known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)
2) 用于till / until从句的差异
学习啦在线学习网 延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"
学习啦在线学习网 He didn’t come back until ten o’clock.
他到10 点才回来。
学习啦在线学习网 He slept until ten o’clock.
学习啦在线学习网 他一直睡到10点。
典型例题
1. You don’t need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
学习啦在线学习网 答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。
学习啦在线学习网 2.---I’m sorry to keep you waiting.
学习啦在线学习网 ---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
学习啦在线学习网 A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
学习啦在线学习网 答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现
学习啦在线学习网 15. 不定式作宾语
1) 动词+ 不定式
afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake
举例：
学习啦在线学习网 The driver failed to see the other car in time.
学习啦在线学习网 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
学习啦在线学习网 I happen to know the answer to your question.
学习啦在线学习网 我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
学习啦在线学习网 2)动词+不定式 ; 动词+宾语+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…
学习啦在线学习网 I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。
学习啦在线学习网 I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。
3) 动词+疑问词+ to
学习啦在线学习网 decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。
学习啦在线学习网 There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can’t make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。
The question is how to put it into practice.
问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
2. 不定式作补语
1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)
学习啦在线学习网 advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn
例句：
a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.
父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
学习啦在线学习网 b. We believe him to be guilty.
我们相信他是有罪的。
学习啦在线学习网 Find 的特殊用法：
学习啦在线学习网 Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。
学习啦在线学习网 I found him lying on the ground.
I found it important to learn.
I found that to learn English is important.
典型例题:
The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.
学习啦在线学习网 A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying
答案：A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。
学习啦在线学习网 2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。
学习啦在线学习网 Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。
典型例题
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.
学习啦在线学习网 A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。
学习啦在线学习网 3) to be +形容词
学习啦在线学习网 Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean…
学习啦在线学习网 The book is believed to be uninteresting.
人们认为这本书没什么意思。
4) there be+不定式
学习啦在线学习网 believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
学习啦在线学习网 We didn’t expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。
学习啦在线学习网 注意 ： 有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take, consider.
We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
16. 不定式作主语
1) It’s easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了
easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;
学习啦在线学习网 the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough
学习啦在线学习网 It’s so nice to hear your voice.
听到你的声音真高兴。
It’s necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。
2) It’s very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。
Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)
例句:
学习啦在线学习网 It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。
注意：1) 其他系动词如，look，appear等也可用于此句型
2) 不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。
3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is… to…的句型
学习啦在线学习网 (对)To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。
(错)It is to believe to see.
学习啦在线学习网 4. It’s for sb.和 It’s of sb.
1)for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：
It’s very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2)of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
It’s very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。
学习啦在线学习网 for 与of 的辨别方法：
用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：
You are nice. (通顺，所以应用of)。
学习啦在线学习网 He is hard. (人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)
学习啦在线学习网 3) 祁使句(Imperative Sentence)
祈使句往往是用来表示说话人的请求、命令、要求、建议，等等。祈使句的主语常被省略，因为这个主语很明确地是听话人"you"。当然，有时为了强调或表示某种感情，句子也会带上主语。
祈使句的谓语用动词原形;它的否定形式是句首用Don't + 动词原形，或是Not to + 动词原形。例如：
Be quiet , please ! (大家)请安静。
Stand up ! 起立!
Don't smoke in the office . 请不要在办公室吸烟。
Don't be standing in the rain . 别站在雨里。
学习啦在线学习网 Not to be careless when you're driving a car . 开车时不要粗心大意。
4) 感叹句(Exclamatory Sentence)
感叹句表示说话人的喜悦、气愤、惊讶等强烈的情绪。这类句子中，有很多是由What或How引起的。What 用来强调名词，How则强调形容词、副词或动词。这类句子的构成只需将所强调或是说，所感叹的对象放到句首;句子无需倒装，句子要用正常语序。 当然，如果不用这种句型，而句子(无论是那种句子)本身又表示了上述的种种情绪，那么该句也就成了感叹句。例如：
学习啦在线学习网 What a fine day it is today ! 今天天气多好啊!
学习啦在线学习网 How fine it is today ! 今天天气多好啊!
学习啦在线学习网 What a lovely son you have !你有个多可爱的儿子啊!
How lovely your son is ! 你的儿子多可爱
学习啦在线学习网
看了2017年初三中考英语复习资料的人还看：
2.
4.