托福阅读真题练习：生物多样性的文本+题目+答案
学习啦在线学习网除了大量的托福词汇储备以外，大家可能最需要的就是托福阅读真题的练习。那么除了官方真题Official你还有哪些托福阅读真题进行练习呢?今天小编就为大家整理了生物多样性的文本、题目以及答案，希望可以帮助到大家。
托福阅读真题练习：生物多样性的文本+题目+答案
托福阅读文本：
学习啦在线学习网Biological diversity has become widely recognized as a critical conservation issue only in the past two decades. The rapid destruction of the tropical rain forests, which are the ecosystems with the highest known species diversity on Earth, has awakened people to the importance and fragility of biological diversity. The high rate of species extinctions in these environments is jolting, but it is important to recognize the significance of biological diversity in all ecosystems. As the human population continues to expand, it will negatively affect one after another of Earth's ecosystems. In terrestrial ecosystems and in fringe marine ecosystems (such as wetlands), the most common problem is habitat destruction. In most situations, the result is irreversible. Now humans are beginning to destroy marine ecosystems through other types of activities, such as disposal and run off of poisonous waste; in less than two centuries, by significantly reducing the variety of species on Earth, they have unraveled cons of evolution and irrevocably redirected its course.
Certainly, there have been periods in Earth's history when mass extinctions have occurred. The extinction of the dinosaurs was caused by some physical event, either climatic or cosmic. There have also been less dramatic extinctions, as when natural competition between species reached an extreme conclusion. Only .01 percent of the species that have lived on Earth have survived to the present, and it was largely chance that determined which species survived and which died out.
学习啦在线学习网However, nothing has ever equaled the magnitude and speed with which the human species is altering the physical and chemical world and demolishing the environment. In fact, there is wide agreement that it is the rate of change humans are inflicting, even more than the changes themselves, that will lead to biological devastation. Life on Earth has continually been in flux as slow physical and chemical changes have occurred on Earth, but life needs time to adapt — time for migration and genetic adaptation within existing species and time for the proliferation of new genetic material and new species that may be able to survive in new environments.
托福阅读题目：
学习啦在线学习网1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Why people in preindustrial societies worked few hours per week
(B) Changes that have occurred in the number of hours that people work per week
学习啦在线学习网(C)A comparison of the number of hours worked per year in several industries
(D) Working conditions during the Industrial Revolution
学习啦在线学习网2. Compared to preiudustrial times, the number of hours in the workweek in the nineteenth
century
学习啦在线学习网(A) remained constant
(B) decreased slightly
学习啦在线学习网(C) decreased significantly
(D) increased significantly
3. The word "norm" in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) minimum.
学习啦在线学习网(B) example
(C) possibility
学习啦在线学习网(D) standard
4. The word "henceforth" in line 13 is closest in meaning to
学习啦在线学习网(A) in the end
学习啦在线学习网(B) for a brief period
学习啦在线学习网(C) from that time on
(D) on occasion
5. The "idea" mentioned in line 15 refers to
学习啦在线学习网(A) the 60-hour workweek
(B) the reduction in the cost of automobiles
学习啦在线学习网(C) the reduction in the workweek at some automobile factories
(D) the criticism of Ford by United States Steel and Westinghouse
6. What is one reason for the change in the length of the workweek for the average worker in the
United States during the 1930's?
(A) Several people sometimes shared a single job.
(B) Labor strikes in several countries influenced labor policy in the United States.
(C) Several corporations increased the length of the workweek.
学习啦在线学习网(D) The United States government instituted a 35-hour workweek.
学习啦在线学习网7. Which of the following is mentioned as one of the purposes of the Fair Labor Standards Act of
1938 ?
(A) to discourage workers from asking for increased wages
(B) to establish a limit on the number of hours in the workweek
(C) to allow employers to set the length of the workweek for their workers
学习啦在线学习网(D) to restrict trade with countries that had a long workweek
8. The word "mandated" in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(A) required
学习啦在线学习网(B) recommended
(C) eliminated
(D) considered
学习啦在线学习网9. The word "immutable" in line 21 is closest in meaning to
学习啦在线学习网(A) unmatched
学习啦在线学习网(B) irregular
学习啦在线学习网(C) unnecessary
(D) unchangeable
10. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as evidence that the length of the workweek has
学习啦在线学习网been declining since the nineteenth century?
(A) The half-day holiday (line 7)
学习啦在线学习网(B) Henry Ford (lines 11-12)
学习啦在线学习网(C) United States Steel and Westinghouse (line 14-15)
学习啦在线学习网(D) German metalworkers (line 21)
11. According to the passage , one goal of the Japanese government is to reduce the average
annual amount of work to
学习啦在线学习网(A) 1,646 hours
学习啦在线学习网(B) 1,800 hours
(C) 1,957 hours
学习啦在线学习网(D) 2,088 hours
托福阅读答案：
CBBCD CDAD
进行托福阅读训练的四种高分方法
学习啦在线学习网托福阅读高分方法一：快速泛读(fastextensivereading)
泛读是指广泛阅读大量涉及不同领域的文章，要求读得快，理解和掌握文中的主要内容就可以。要确定一个明确的阅读定额，定额要结合自己的实际，可多可少，例如每天读20页。
托福阅读高分方法二：计时阅读(timedreading)
计时阅读每次进行5～10分钟即可，不宜太长。因为计时快速阅读，精力高度集中，时间一长，容易疲劳，精力分散反而乏味。
托福阅读高分方法三：寻读(Scanning)
寻读又称查读，同略读一样，寻读也是一种快速阅读技巧。
寻读是一种从大量的资料中迅速查找某一项具体事实或某一项特定信息，如人物、事件、时间、地点、数字等，而对其它无关部分略去不读的快速阅读方法。
托福阅读高分方法四：略读(skimming)
略读又称跳读(readingandskipping)或浏览(glancing)，是一种专门的，非常实用的快速阅读技能。
托福阅读成绩提升的方向
单词
根据自己的英语基础制定出每天能够坚持的，切实可行的背单词计划。
结合托福阅读文章记忆单词是颇为有效的方法。如脱离语言环境孤立地背单词汇，就很容易把单词的意义和正确用法遗忘或者混淆。而且，枯燥的单词书和字母表容易让人疲倦和产生挫败感。在精读托福文章的同时背单词，除了单词的收获，还能深入了解文章中的各类人文常识，趣味科普知识，从而产生每天坚持阅读，坚持背单词的兴趣和动力。另外，有效记单词的另一个重要原则是：一定要反复记忆。背过的单词一定要定期复习。
语法
掌握托福语法应侧重对句子的理解，应学会从句子的主干成分-----主谓结构入手，对并列句、比较句、指代句、复合句和双重否定句有充分的把握，注意人称、语态在句子中的变化，并结合句子上下问，正确地掌握其要表达的思想。要逐渐培养将一个长句子读成一个相对短的句子、即长句短读的能力。读完一个长句后自己能总结归纳，提炼其陈述的要点。
加大阅读广度
在和托福阅读8分以上的高分学员的交流中发现，他们的托福阅读技巧便是英语的积累阅读量大。有的是考前通读过多种托福阅读资料，有的是过去读过TOEFL、GRE和GMAT的各类文章，有的是因为工作的需要每天上网快速阅读英文参考文献。所以，积累和扩大自己的英文阅读量是迈向高分的必由之路。G类考试的阅读前两部分通常是使用性强的功能性短文，如菜单、产品说明、同志、住宿安排和广告学习啦在线学习网等、非常贴近西方的实际生活，但对国内绝大多数考生而言很陌生。建议争取每天阅读一定量的原版英文报刊、书籍，如Time、Reader's Digest等。尤其注意其中的各类广告。
提高阅读速度
学习啦在线学习网说起托福阅读高分策略不能忽略的一个问题便是阅读速度。托福考试的阅读部分，无论是A还是G类，都是同时测试考生的阅读速度和理解的精确度。而如何快速地阅读完长文章，留出充足的时间回答各类题型，是考生必然面临的一个难题。要想提高阅读速度首先要改掉阅读的不良习惯。针对大多数考生的通病，提出下面4点注意事项：
1、扩大眼睛扫描的宽度。要达到托福阅读的速度，请注意训练自己一眼看过，至少阅读到3~5个单词。
2、阅读过程中只使用眼睛和大脑两大器官。不要小声读出来(使用了嘴和耳朵：))，不要在心中默读(能默读说明你一眼只看到一个单词
学习啦在线学习网3、遇到生单词不用紧张，学会通过上下文猜大意
学习啦在线学习网4、有重点地阅读，把握文章结构和大意
有了以上基础，还要有针对性地训练和提高托福阅读所要求的各种阅读能力。按照对获得托福高分的重要性顺序，这些阅读能力依次为
把握长文章结构(Understanding framework of a passage)
快速浏览文章(Skimming)
学习啦在线学习网扫描特定信息(Scanning)
理解复杂句子结构(Understanding complex structure)
学习啦在线学习网通过上下问猜测句意(Understanding meaning from context)
形成概念(Forming a mental image)
学习啦在线学习网在准备考试的过程中，除了要做IELTS考题之外，还要进行泛读和快速阅读。泛读可以选择一些英美主流媒体的文章，在网站上可以找到，目的是熟悉单词和句型。快速阅读就是用扫描文章的方法对其结构有大致的了解，并把握其主旨。同时，在重点句子和词汇上做出标记。这种方法对阅读考试帮助极大，平时可多加练习。另外，为了提高阅读的速度还要养成良好的阅读习惯，不能边看边用嘴跟着读，眼、嘴并用必会降低阅读速度;一旦发现生词(这种情况绝大多数同学都肯定要遇到)，先不要紧张，要通过英语构词法(前缀、词根和后缀)来分析推测词义，或结合上下文、前后词语去猜测，如果根据上下文及前后词语还是无法确切了解其真正含义，可以再看一下这个词对整个句子所构成的影响是肯定的，还是否定的，实际上这对你理解作者的意图已足够了，实在不行就做上记号，将来看一看是否影响答题，如无影响就坚决忽略。
托福阅读中的从句与分词
1.定语从句
托福阅读读完主句主语后，如果发现有定语从句的引导词that，which，who等，一定要跳过第一个或并列的几个带有时态的动词(定语从句的谓语动词)，直接寻找第二个带有或并列的几个带有时态的动词(主语的谓语动词)，并将从定语从句的引导词至第二个带有时态的动词之间的部分用括号括起来，括号中的这部分就是修饰主语主语的定语从句。这类句子的阅读解步骤与前面提到的托福阅读文章中的两类句子基本一致。
例子：
学习啦在线学习网The Ediacara fossil formation, which contains the oldest known animal fossils, consists exclusively of soft-bodied forms.
分析：主语The Ediacara fossil formation，which contains the oldest known animal fossils非现在性定语从句作插入，谓语consists exclusively of ，宾语soft-bodied forms。
学习啦在线学习网定语从句先不读，读完句子主干之后再读。
学习啦在线学习网下面我们按照上述步骤来理解这句话。
学习啦在线学习网①读句子主干：主语(The Ediacara fossil formation)→谓语(consists exclusively of)→宾语(soft-bodied forms)
翻译：E化石形势只包含了软体动物，
学习啦在线学习网②读主语的定语从句：which contains the oldest known animal fossils
翻译：包含了已知的最古老的动物化石
整个句子的意思就是：E化石形成，它包含了已知的最古老的动物化石，只包含了软体动物。
2.后置分词
有些长难句中，主语和谓语之间夹杂着一个修饰主语的后置分词结构，包括现在分词结构和过去分词结构两种。后置的现在分词结构比较容易辨识，在阅读句子时，可以将现在分词与谓语动词之间的部分用括号括起来，先读句子的主干，再读括号中的部分。后置的过去分词结构是个难题，不少人容易将过去分词错当成主句谓语动词的过去式。为了避免这种错误，在读长难句的时候需要分析主语与动词之间是主动关系还是被动关系。如果主语与动词之间是被动关系，而该动词前面没有表示被动关系的be动词，那么这个词就是主语的后置过去分词，而不是句子的谓语。将这部分用括号括起来即可，对于托福阅读试题解答就很有帮助了。读句子步骤如上。
学习啦在线学习网Petroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment.
学习啦在线学习网分析：主语Petroleum，consisting of crude oil and natural gas后置定语做插入，seems to originate from谓语， organic matter宾语，in marine sediment地点状语。
下面我们按照上述步骤来理解这句话。
①读句子主干：主语(Petroleum)→谓语(seems to originate from)→宾语(organic matter)
学习啦在线学习网翻译：石油看似来自于有机物。
②读主语的后置分词修饰成分(consisting of crude oil and natural gas)
学习啦在线学习网翻译：包含了原油和天然气。
学习啦在线学习网③读句子的其他修饰成分(in marine sediment)
翻译：在海洋沉淀里。
学习啦在线学习网整个句子的意思就是：包含原油和天然气的石油看似来自于海洋沉淀里的有机物质。
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