托福独立写作常识介绍
备考托福独立写作的考生，一定要明确托福写作的一些常识，这样才能更有针对的备考。下面，学习啦小编给大家介绍托福独立写作备考常识，供大家参考。
托福独立写作常识介绍
托福独立写作字数要求
学习啦在线学习网 官方对于托福独立写作的说法是：“An effective response is typically about 300 words long……“，因此对于托福独立写作的要求只是一个模糊的概念，大约在300字左右。不过，在字数范围之上，官方对于有效、充分地表达自己的写作观点才是重中之重。因此，编辑在这里和大家再次申述一遍，托福独立写作的关键是要对考题展开充分论述，从而有利地支持文章观点，充足的字数是必须的，但是300字并不是严格的要求范围。
学习啦在线学习网 托福独立写作审题和布局
托福写作的第一步就是审题和文章布局。审题的精确程度直接影响到托福写作文章话题的出准确度以及文章内容的整体发展。而对于托福独立写作题目的分析可知，托福独立写作题目大部分都是支持/反对的类型，剩下的一小部分是对比论述型。审题之后，就是要对文章进行布局搭建，一般来说，五段式的三个主体段，若都是同意或者都是反对的理由的话，一般这些分论点有两种逻辑顺序。第一种按照“重要性”来排，将你认为最主要的理由放在第一个主体段中详细论证;第二种是按照“小到大”的原则，即个人方面的理由先写，然后再是家庭，公司，最后再是社会，国家。
托福独立写作例证技巧
学习啦在线学习网 在审题和布局之后，就是论述观点的阶段。对于这部分而言，一般是用例证法论述。其中使用频率最高的是分类例证法和人物例证法。分类例证法主要是根据托福写作常考的题材进行论证，这样更有针对性;而人物例证法，可以在写作时选择体育界、商界等领域的名人作为文章的例子，很具有说服力。人物举例的另一个优势是可使用的句子结构丰富，可以广泛使用虚拟语气、排比句，这里笔者以虚拟语气为例进行说明。
托福写作中必须跨越的文化障碍
托福写作过程实际上是一种跨文化交际过程，文化差异必定成为学生写作中获取高分的障碍。托福写作不是要求学生堆砌各类高难词汇或者绞尽脑汁编造长难句的过程，而是要求学生用英文准确描述自己中文思维的过程，达意是托福写作的最高境界。因此，学生必须熟悉中英文在表达方式上的差异，才能做到在考场上的精准转述，进而获得高分。本文以中英文表达法的差异为切入点，进行托福写作中跨文化交际的探讨。
在托福写作教学中，常常会发现：学生的英语似乎被汉语同化，句子中充满了中国式的英语(Chinglish)。其中原因恐怕涉及很多方面，但主要原因在于学生对两种语言的句子表达方式差异不了解。因此在英语写作教学中，应坚持英汉比较原则，让学生理性认识两种语言的异同。正如吕淑湘所说：“对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他们认识英语和汉语的差别，在每一个具体问题-词形、词义、语法范畴、句子结构上，都尽可能用汉语的情况来根英语作比较，让他们通过比较得到更深刻的领会。”
一、英语重形合，汉语重意合
所谓行合指英语句子中各分句之间的联系大多是通过词汇纽带直接体现出来的，并且英语中单个词的变化会体现意义的变化。所谓意合指汉语句子主要通过字词的意义连接起来。
1.英语中的名词单复数变化
一本书 a book
学习啦在线学习网 两本书 two books
在汉语中，名词的单复数全靠意合，也就是，”书“这个字不会变化，变的是”书“前面的修饰词;而在英语中名词的复数一定是体现在”book“这一个词上的，一定要把“book”改成“books”。在托福写作中，英语的单复数形式是学生最最容易忽略的一点，也是最容易扣分的一点，那在写作的时候默念名词单复数100遍，保证不犯这种错误。
2.英语中动词的时态变化
学习啦在线学习网 我昨天在香港大学做了演讲。
学习啦在线学习网 I made a speech in the University of Hong Kong yesterday.
她正在香港大学做演讲。
She is making a speech in the University of Hong Kong.
在汉语中，一件事情发生的时间是“昨天”、“现在”还是“未来”，只要加上“昨天”、“今天”、“明天”这几个词就好了。但是在英文中不行，一定要在“动词”上进行体现。由于这点中西文化差异，时态也是很多学生选择性忽略的一点跨文化常识，明明写的是过去发生的事情，偏偏用现在时态。考试时留几分钟检查语法错误，为自己多争取几分。
3.句子表达
学习啦在线学习网 英语句子主干结构突出，即主谓宾结构明显，其他定语、状语、补语成分好似主干上的枝叶，借助各种关联词进行搭建，把句子的子句有机结合起来。而汉语句子没有主谓框架限制。
例如：1)留得青山在，不怕没柴烧
As long as the green mountains are there, one should not worry about firewood.
2)冬天来了，春天还会远吗?
学习啦在线学习网 If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
在例句1)的汉语表达中，并没有“只要”这个词，但是在英文中需要写出“as long as”这个短语，也要加上泛指的主语”one“，因为英文句子一定要有基本的”主谓“结构。例句2)中的英文表达中加入了汉语中没有”if“ 这个词，来体现英文的”主谓“结构以及从句结构。
托福备考之写作要注意用词
学习啦在线学习网 compare与contrast的误用
学习啦在线学习网 我们先从两者的定义入手来看两者的区别。 Compare的定义为：to examine people or things to see how theyare similar or different. Contrast的定义为：to comparetwo or more things to show the difference betweenthem.由定义不难看出前者侧重于找到两个或多个事物的异同，而后者则侧重于它们的不同。
看个例句：
It is interesting to compare their situations to ours./It is interesting to contrast theirsituations to ours.
前一句翻译为：对比一下我们的情况与他们的情况会很有趣。
后一句的翻译为：我们的情况与他们的情况有很大的不同，这很有趣。
学习啦在线学习网 再看一个引自OXFORD ADBANCED LEARNER’S DICTIONARY的例子：
There is an obvious contrast between the culture of East and West.
The company lost $7 million in contrast to a profit of $6.2 million a year earlier.
学习啦在线学习网 When you look at their new system， ours seems very old-fashioned by contrast.
不难发现，Compare翻译为“与。。。相比”而contrast可译为“明显不同的是。。。”，切记这种翻译方式就不会用错彼此了。
其中最容易有问题的便是介词的使用了，下面来看看几种情况：
学习啦在线学习网 1、普通介词的误用
学习啦在线学习网 一般表现为固定搭配错误，如常把provide sb with sth用成provide sb sth; be satisfied with用成besatisfied for等等，虽然这样的错误看似无伤大雅，但在考官眼里就是影响顺畅阅读的，根据托福学写作评分标准当然会影响最终成绩。解决的办法简单而古老：把常见的固定搭配牢记于心，问题自然就解决了。
学习啦在线学习网 2、 “to”作为介词的误用
“to”最常见的用法是以动词不定式符号的形式出现的，所以同学们也已经习惯了“to do”的固定搭配。对于一些如walk to me， to the left等介词to表方向等常见用法一般也不会出现错误。但是对于与动词搭配的介词to就会经常犯错：
如：
More and more students have taken to depend on their parents to make decision for them.
学习啦在线学习网 这里的‘take to’ means ‘to begin to do sth as a habit’其中‘to’为介词，所以后面只能接名词或相当于名词的词，如动名词。所以黑体处应改为“depending on”。“take to”的另一个常用用法也需要牢记：
He hasn’t taken to his new school. (这里‘take to’ means ‘to start liking sb or sth’)
Prefer A to B中的“to”也是介词，会有prefer doing sth to doing sth/ prefer sth to sthelse，“prefer to do sth rather than do sth”中的“to”可是真正的不定式符号。
类似的常用用法请同学们牢记：
学习啦在线学习网 Be used to doing
Be accustomed to doing
See to doing
学习啦在线学习网 Adapt to doing
学习啦在线学习网 Adjust to doing
prefer doing sth. to doing sth.
等等，托福写作请注意平时仔细积累。
学习啦在线学习网 assume及claim使用不够准确
我们知道， think， assume， claim是议论文中常用引出观点的动词。在实际作文中，同学们往往认为几个词的意思是一样的，完全可以代换，所以拿过来就用。甚至还有同学把consider也拿过来与之混用。我们首先还是从定义来看这几个词的不同：
Think： to have opinion or belief about sth.
翻译为“认为”，通常接宾语从句来表达比较确定的观点。
Assume： to think or accept that sth is true but without having proof of it.
翻译为“假设、假定”，是否有事实依据是不确定的。
学习啦在线学习网 Claim： to say sth is true although it has not been proved and other people may not believeit.
学习啦在线学习网 翻译为“声称”，用这个词往往意味着不赞同紧跟其后的观点，所以很少用作‘I claim that…
Scientist are claiming a breakthrough in the fight against cancer， but in fact， …。
所以‘It is claimed that’通常翻译为“有报道称。。。”。和‘it is reported that ’的区别在于后者翻译为“据报道”，往往代表着作者赞同报告的内容，
Consider： to think about sth carefully， especially in order to make a decision
学习啦在线学习网 翻译为“考虑”，一般不用作引出观点，看个例子：
We are considering buying a new car.
所以，千万不要在托福写作的第一段(观点表达段)就因为用词把握不准而导致对整篇文章的低分印象。
学习啦在线学习网 表“建议”的词汇后面忘记用虚拟从句
这是摘自学生托福作文中的一个病句：
I suggest he continues his study instead of working after graduation from high school.
因为‘suggest’翻译为“建议”，所以后面的从句应该用虚拟语气，黑体部分应该改为“(should) continue”
学习啦在线学习网 所以考生一定要牢记以下常见表“建议”的托福写作词汇，而且要记住这些词接从句时要用虚拟语气：
Recommend， suggest， advise
such as与for example的混用
学习啦在线学习网 我们知道，在表示举例子的时候，such as与like是完全等同的，如：Wild flowers such as/likeorchids and primroses are becoming rare.
学习啦在线学习网 但是同学们对于Such as、for example的把握还是不够准确。我们都知道，后者接句子前者接词语表示举例子。于是就有了下面的写法：
There is a similar word in many languages， such as in French and Italian.
这里的such as改为for example为好，因为“in French and Italian”其实是“there is a similar word inFrench and Italian”的简化，所以要用for example来引出例证。再来看个类似的例子：
学习啦在线学习网 It is possible to combine computer science with other subjects, for example physics.
托福写作范文：经济危机时政府减少支出
托福独立写作题目：
学习啦在线学习网 In times of an economic crisis, in which area should governments reduce its spending? 1. Arts 2. Scientific research 3. Parks and public gardens.
学习啦在线学习网 托福写作模板及参考答案：
托福写作范文参考:
During an economic crisis, governments face difficult choices of monetary allocation with reduced budgets. In this challenging time, it is of vital importance for policy-makers to recognize the effectiveness of policy-making on certain social services or programs such as arts, scientific research and park and public gardens. If a choice has to be made, in my opinion, the government should reduce its spending on arts.
To begin with, in times of an economic crisis, it is significant for policy-makers to recognize the necessity of investing in scientific research because it exerts a far-reaching effect. If the financial crisis leads to substantial cuts in funding for scientific research by governments, it will be difficult to muster investment for a public good, like clean air, or for extremely risky initiatives, such as novel approaches to new antibiotic drugs, or in areas where the outcome is uncertain. As a matter of fact, technological innovation, biomedical breakthroughs, and tackling pressing environmental issues all require sustained scientific development, from basic discovery to final application. Investing in research is investing in the future, and it requires a long-term commitment to the accumulation of knowledge, the testing of basic principles, and the translation of these discoveries into practical applications that impact everyday life. Consequently, governments ought to attach more importance to the scientific studies so as to develop world class research base and conduct crucial scientific projects.
学习啦在线学习网 Furthermore, funding for parks and public gardens provides an opportunity for people to engage in physical activities, which is considerably beneficial to health. Nowadays, due to the sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy eating diet, overweight and obesity are epidemic problems across the world, and related conditions are on the rise. A primary focus of attention is providing environment where people can be physically active. Parks offer such an opportunity. In addition, health studies have shown that people who do regular exercise get a range of benefits when they are in natural settings, like parks and public gardens. These benefits include reduced risk of premature death; reduced risk of heart disease, hypertension, cancer; improved maintenance of muscle strength; weight loss and favorable redistribution of body fat; improved physical functioning. Therefore, when governments allocate fiscal spending on parks such as well-designed and well-maintained paths as well as attractive scenery, people can substantially improve their health and quality of life by doing moderate amounts of physical activity in their daily lives.
学习啦在线学习网 Undeniably, if governments pay more attention to investment in art, people can enrich inner world as a diverse and productive cultural environment can provide the spirit and important intangible values. However, in times of crisis, people usually lay emphasis on basic needs instead of spiritual needs. As a result, the importance of material comforts outweighs that of nourishment for the mind and it does not mean that people’s quality of life will be dramatically affected if governments cut budget on art and provide less financial support on art institutions. In a sense, it will not directly influence people’s life at least in a short term because people rarely need to satisfy their aesthetic needs everyday. Therefore, compared with scientific research and park and public gardens, art is least associated with people’s daily life and it needs less concern.
From what has been discussed above, scientific studies serve the common interest of the entire human race and doing exercise in parks and public gardens constitutes an indispensable part of daily life. It is more applicable and reasonable to cut down spending on art in the times of an economic crisis.
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