托福阅读原文题目及答案汇总

时间：2020-07-19 13:29:45 楚薇0由分享

学习啦在线学习网提升阅读速度，掌握做题技巧，是拿到托福阅读高分必须要突破的两个方面，那么具体的托福备考的过程中，大家应该运用哪些资料来备考呢?学习啦为大家带来了托福阅读原文题目及答案汇总，供大家练习。

托福阅读真题1

Cities develop as a result of functions that they can perform. Some functions result directly from the ingenuity of the citizenry, but most functions result from the needs of the local area and of the surrounding hinterland (the region that supplies goods to the city and to which the city furnishes services and other goods). Geographers often make a distinction between the situation and the site of a city. Situation refers to the general position in relation to the surrounding region, whereas site involves physical characteristics of the specific location. Situation is normally much more important to the continuing prosperity of a city. If a city is well situated in regard to its hinterland, its development is much more likely to continue. Chicago, for example, possesses an almost unparalleled situation: it is located at the southern end of a huge lake that forces east-west transportation lines to be compressed into its vicinity, and at a meeting of significant land and water transport routes. It also overlooks what is one of the world's finest large farming regions. These factors ensured that Chicago would become a great city regardless of the disadvantageous characteristics of the available site, such as being prone to flooding during thunderstorm activity.

Similarly, it can be argued that much of New York City's importance stems from its early and continuing advantage of situation. Philadelphia and Boston both originated at about the same time as New York and shared New York's location at the western end of one of the world's most important oceanic trade routes, but only New York possesses an easy-access functional connection (the Hudson-Mohawk lowland) to the vast Midwestern hinterland. This account does not alone explain New York's primacy, but it does include several important factors. Among the many aspects of situation that help to explain why some cities grow and others do not, original location on a navigable waterway seems particularly applicable. Of course, such characteristic as slope, drainage, power resources, river crossings, coastal shapes, and other physical characteristics help to determine city location, but such factors are normally more significant in early stages of city development than later.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The development of trade routes through United States cities

学习啦在线学习网(B) Contrasts in settlement patterns in United States

学习啦在线学习网(D) The importance of geographical situation in the growth of United States cities

2. The word ingenuity in line 2. is closest in meaning to

(A) wealth

学习啦在线学习网(B) resourcefulness

学习啦在线学习网(C) traditions

(D) organization

学习啦在线学习网3. The passage suggests that a geographer would consider a city's soil type part of its

学习啦在线学习网(A) hinterland

(B) situation

(D) function

4. According to the passage , a city's situation is more important than its site in regard to the

city's

(A) long-term growth and prosperity

(B) ability to protect its citizenry

学习啦在线学习网(D) need to import food supplies

5. The author mentions each of the following as an advantage of Chicago's location EXCEPT its

学习啦在线学习网(A) hinterland

(B) nearness to a large lake

学习啦在线学习网(C) position in regard to transport routes

学习啦在线学习网(D) flat terrain

6. The word characteristics in line 14 is closest in meaning to

学习啦在线学习网(A) choices

(B) attitudes

(D) inhabitants

7. The primary purpose of paragraph 1 is to

(A) summarize past research and introduce a new study

学习啦在线学习网(B) describe a historical period

(D) define a term and illustrate it with an example

8. According to the passage , Philadelphia and Boston are similar to New York City in

(A) size of population

(B) age

(D) availability of rail transportation

学习啦在线学习网9. The word functional in line 20 is closest in meaning to

学习啦在线学习网(A) alternate

(B) unknown

(D) usable

学习啦在线学习网10. The word it in line 21 refers to

学习啦在线学习网(A) account

(B) primacy

学习啦在线学习网(C) connection

学习啦在线学习网(D) hinterland

学习啦在线学习网11. The word significant in line 26 is closest in meaning to

(A) threatening

(B) meaningful

(D) available

学习啦在线学习网PASSAGE 71 DBCAD CDCDA B

托福阅读真题2

学习啦在线学习网The Harlem Renaissance, a movement of the 1920's, marked the twentieth century's first period of intense activity by African Americans in the field of literature, art, and music in the United States. The philosophy of the movement combined realism, ethnic consciousness, and Americanism. Encouraged by the example of certain Americans of European descent such as Thomas Eakins, Robert Henri, and George Luks, who had included persons of African descent in their paintings as serious studies rather than as trivial or sentimental stereotypes, African American artists of this period set about creating a new portrayal of themselves and their lives in the United States. As they began to strive for social and cultural independence. Their attitudes toward themselves changed, and, to some extent, other segments of American society began to change their attitudes toward them. Thus, though the Harlem Renaissance was a short-lived movement, its impact on American art and culture continues to the present.

学习啦在线学习网The district in New York City known as Harlem was the capital of the movement. In 1925 an issue of Survey Graphic magazine devoted exclusively to Harlem and edited by philosopher Alain Locke became the manifesto of the African American artistic movement. Locke strongly suggested that individuals, while accepting their Americanism, take pride in their African ancestral arts and urged artists to look to Africa for substance and inspiration. Far from advocating a withdrawal from American culture, as did some of his contemporaries, Locke recommended a cultural pluralism through which artists could enrich the culture of America. African Americans were urged by Locke to be collaborators and participators with other Americans in art, literature, and music; and at the same time to preserve, enhance, and promote their own cultural heritage.

Artists and intellectuals from many parts of the United States and the Caribbean had been attracted to Harlem by the pulse and beat of its unique and dynamic culture. From this unity created by the convergence of artists from various social and geographical backgrounds came a new spirit, which, particularly in densely populated Harlem, was to result in greater group awareness and self-determination. African American graphic artists took their place beside the poets and writers of the Harlem Renaissance and carried on efforts to increase and promote the visual arts.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) African American paintings in the 1920's

学习啦在线学习网(B) An arts movement of the 1920's

学习啦在线学习网(C) The influence of Alain Locke on African American art

(D) Some ways in which African culture inspired American literature, art and music

2. According to the passage , Tomas Eakins, Robert Henri, and George Luks were important because of

(A) the philosophical contributions they made to the Harlem Renaissance

(B) their development of a new style of African American art

(D) their independence from European artistic traditions

3. The word them in line 11 refers to

学习啦在线学习网(A) Americans of European descent

(B) paintings

学习啦在线学习网(D) attitudes

4. According to the passage , African American artists of the 1920's differed from earlier African

American artists in terms of their feelings about

学习啦在线学习网(A) themselves

学习啦在线学习网(B) other artists

学习啦在线学习网(C) their impact on American art

学习啦在线学习网(D) stereotypes

5. The word urged in line 17 is closest in meaning to

(A) prepared

(B) defined

学习啦在线学习网(C) permitted

学习啦在线学习网(D) encouraged

学习啦在线学习网6. Alain Locke believed all of the following to be important to the African American artistic

学习啦在线学习网movement EXCEPT

学习啦在线学习网(A) pride in African art

(B) cultural pluralism

学习啦在线学习网(D) withdrawal from American culture

7. In mentioning the pulse and beat (line 25) of Harlem during the 1920's, the author is

学习啦在线学习网characterizing the district as one that

学习啦在线学习网(A) depended greatly on its interaction with other parts of the city

学习啦在线学习网(B) grew economically in a short period of time

学习啦在线学习网(D) was in danger of losing population

8. The word convergence in line 26 is closest in meaning to

(A) gathering

学习啦在线学习网(B) promotion

(D) influence

学习啦在线学习网9. According to the passage , all of the following were true of Harlem in the 1920's EXCEPT:

学习啦在线学习网(A) Some Caribbean artists and intellectuals lived there.

学习啦在线学习网(B) It attracted people from various regions of United States.

学习啦在线学习网(C) It was one of the most expensive neighborhoods in New York City.

(D) It was a unique cultural center.

10. The phrase carried on in line 30 is closest in meaning to

(A) continued

学习啦在线学习网(B) praised

(D) connected

PASSAGE 72 BCCAD DCACA

托福阅读真题3

学习啦在线学习网ffeterd spanning in line 18d- The interrelationship of science, technology, and industry is taken for granted today — summed up, not altogether accurately, as research and development. Yet historically this widespread faith in the economic virtues of science is a relatively recent phenomenon, dating back in the United States about 150 years, and in the Western world as a whole not over 300 years at most. Even in this current era of large scale, intensive research and development, the interrelationships involved in this process are frequently misunderstood. Until the coming of the Industrial Revolution, science and technology evolved for the most part independently of each other. Then as industrialization became increasingly complicated, the craft techniques of preindustrial society gradually gave way to a technology based on the systematic application of scientific knowledge and scientific methods. This changeover started slowly and progressed unevenly. Until late in the nineteenth century, only a few industries could use scientific techniques or cared about using them. The list expanded noticeably after 1870, but even then much of what passed for the application of science was engineering science rather than basic science.

Nevertheless, by the middle of the nineteenth century, the rapid expansion of scientific knowledge and of public awareness — if not understanding — of it had created a belief that the advance of science would in some unspecified manner automatically generate economic benefits. The widespread and usually uncritical acceptance of this thesis led in turn to the assumption that the application of science to industrial purposes was a linear process, starting with fundamental science, then proceeding to applied science or technology, and through them to industrial use. This is probably the most common pattern, but it is not invariable. New areas of science have been opened up and fundamental discoveries made as a result of attempts to solve a specific technical or economic problem. Conversely, scientists who mainly do basic research also serve as consultants on projects that apply research in practical ways.

In sum, the science-technology-industry relationship may flow in several different ways, and the particular channel it will follow depends on the individual situation. It may at times even be multidirectional.

1. What is the author's main purpose in the passage ?

(A) To show how technology influenced basic science

(B) To describe the scientific base of nineteenth-century American industries

(D) To argue that basic science has no practical application

学习啦在线学习网2. The word altogether in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) completely

学习啦在线学习网(B) realistically

(D) understandably

3. The word intensive in line 5 is closest in meaning to

(A) decreased

(B) concentrated

(D) advanced

4. The list mentioned in line 13 refers to

(A) types of scientific knowledge

(B) changes brought by technology

(D) applications of engineering science

5. The understanding of research and development in the late nineteenth century is based on

which of the following?

(A) Engineering science is not very important.

学习啦在线学习网(B) Fundamental science naturally leads to economic benefits.

学习啦在线学习网(D) Industrial needs should determine what areas fundamental science focuses on.

6. The word it in line 16 refers to

(A) understanding

(B) public awareness

学习啦在线学习网(C) scientific knowledge

(D) expansion

7. The word assumption in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) regulation

(B) belief

(D) confusion

8. Why does the author mention consultants in line 25?

学习啦在线学习网(A) To show how new areas of science have given rise to new professions

学习啦在线学习网(B) To distinguish between scientists who work in industry and those who do not

学习啦在线学习网(C) To explain the ways in which scientists find financial support for their work

(D) To show how scientists who work in basic research contribute to applied science

学习啦在线学习网9. Which of the following statements does the passage support?

学习啦在线学习网(A) The development of science and of industry is now interdependent.

学习啦在线学习网(B) Basic scientific research cannot generate practical applications.

(D) Science and technology are becoming more separate.

学习啦在线学习网PASSAGE 73 CABCB CBDA

托福阅读真题4

Glaciers are large masses of ice on land that show evidence of past or present movement. They grow by the gradual transformation of snow into glacier ice.

学习啦在线学习网A fresh snowfall is a fluffy mass of loosely packed snowflakes, small delicate ice crystals grown in the atmosphere. As the snow ages on the ground for weeks or months, the crystals shrink and become more compact, and the whole mass becomes squeezed together into a more dense form, granular snow. As new snow falls and buries the older snow, the layers of granular snow further compact to form firm, a much denser kind of snow, usually a year or more old, which has little pore space. Further burial and slow cementation — a process by which crystals become bound together in a mosaic of intergrown ice crystals — finally produce solid glacial ice. In this process of recrystallization, the growth of new crystals at the expense of old ones, the percentage of air is reduced from about 90 percent for snowflakes to less than 20 percent for glacier ice. The whole process may take as little as a few years, but more likely ten or twenty years or longer. The snow is usually many meters deep by the time the lower layers are converted into ice.

In cold glaciers those formed in the coldest regions of the Earth, the entire mass of ice is at temperatures below the melting point and no free water exists. In temperate glaciers, the ice is at the melting point at every pressure level within the glacier, and free water is present as small drops or as larger accumulations in tunnels within or beneath the ice.

学习啦在线学习网Formation of a glacier is complete when ice has accumulated to a thickness (and thus weight) sufficient to make it move slowly under pressure, in much the same way that solid rock deep within the Earth can change shape without breaking. Once that point is reached, the ice flows downhill, either as a tongue of ice filling a valley or as thick ice cap that flows out in directions from the highest central area where the most snow accumulates. The trip down leads to the eventual melting of ice.

学习啦在线学习网1. Which of the following does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The effect of glaciers on climate

(B) Damage from glaciers

(D) The location of glaciers

2. Which of the following will cause density within the glacier to increase?

(A) Increased water and air content

学习啦在线学习网(B) Pressure from the weight of new snow

学习啦在线学习网(C) Long periods of darkness and temperature variations

(D) Movement of the glacier

学习啦在线学习网3. The word bound in line 9 is closest in meaning to

(A) covered

(B) chosen