大学英语四级英语考试听力
学习啦在线学习网大学英语四级英语考试听力
学习啦在线学习网 大学英语四级英语考试听力只有多听几遍才能够把握其听力规律。下面是学习啦小编给大家整理的大学英语四级英语考试听力，供大家参阅!
大学英语四级听力真题1
学习啦在线学习网 Section A
Directions:
学习啦在线学习网 In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations
and 2 long conversations.
At the end of each conversation,
one or more questions will be asked about what was said.
Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once.
After each question there will be a pause.
During the pause, you must read the four choices marked
A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer.
Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2
学习啦在线学习网 with a single line through the centre.
学习啦在线学习网 11.M: I just received an E-mail from one of my former classmates.
学习啦在线学习网 I was surprised, I hadn't heard from him for ages.
学习啦在线学习网 W: Well, I've been out of touch with most of my old friends,
only one or two still drop me a line occasionally.
学习啦在线学习网 Q: What does the woman mean?
12.M: If you can make up your mind about the color,
学习啦在线学习网 I can start on the outside of your house early next week.
学习啦在线学习网 W: Well, right now I think I want white for the window frames
and yellow for the walls,
but I'll let you know tomorrow.
Q: Who is the woman talking to?
学习啦在线学习网 13.W: Excuse me, do you have any apartments available
for under 500 dollars a month?
I need to move in next week when my new job starts.
M: The only vacant one I have is 600 dollars,
学习啦在线学习网 have you inquired at the apartment complex down the street?
学习啦在线学习网 Q: What does the man suggest the woman do?
14.W: You bought a pair of jeans yesterday, didn't you?
学习啦在线学习网 What are they like?
学习啦在线学习网 M: Oh, they are pretty much like my other ones,
except with a larger waist.
学习啦在线学习网 I guess I haven't spent much time exercising lately.
Q: What can we infer from the conversation about the man?
15.W: I really like those abstract paintings we saw yesterday.
学习啦在线学习网 What do you think?
学习啦在线学习网 M: I guess it's something I haven't acquired a taste for yet.
Q: What does the man imply?
学习啦在线学习网 16.W: You haven't seen a blue notebook, have you?
学习啦在线学习网 I hope I didn't leave it in the reading room.
学习啦在线学习网 M: Did you check that pile of journals
学习啦在线学习网 you've borrowed from the library the other day?
学习啦在线学习网 Q: What is the man trying to say to the woman?
17.M: How about joining me for a cup of coffee?
W: I'd love to, but I'm exhausted.
I was up till 3 this morning,
writing a paper for my literature class.
学习啦在线学习网 Q: Why does the woman decline the man's invitation?
18.W: You had a job interview yesterday, didn't you?
学习啦在线学习网 How did it go?
学习啦在线学习网 M: Not too bad, I guess.
There were about 20 candidates competing for the sales manager's job.
And finally it was down to three of us,
but the other two seemed better qualified.
Q: What does the man imply?
Now you'll hear two long conversations.
Conversation One
W: Simon, how does it feel to be retired?
M: Well, not so bad.
W: How have you been spending your time?
M: I have been spending more time with my family.
I've also travelled a bit, you know,
学习啦在线学习网 off season when everywhere is less crowded and hotels cost less.
W: Great.
学习啦在线学习网 M: You know I haven't stopped work completely.
W: Yes, could you tell us more about this?
M: I'm on a scheme that's called phased retirement;
学习啦在线学习网 I had a six-month break from work,
after that I could apply for project work
学习啦在线学习网 with the company I used to work for.
学习啦在线学习网 W: How does the scheme work?
M: Well, it's a trial at the moment.
Instead of hiring temporary stuff,
the company advertises posts on its website
学习啦在线学习网 that retired employees like myself can access.
学习啦在线学习网 W: What sort of works advertised?
M: Well, all sorts of things, really.
Administrative work and more specialized work,
学习啦在线学习网 the sort of thing I can do.
Some of the projects can last five or six months,
学习啦在线学习网 and others can just be a couple of days.
I can decide more or less when to work.
So I can manage my own time.
W: I can see it's good for you.
What is your company get out of this?
M: Well,I still have all my old contacts at work,
so I know who to contact to get something done.
The company gets flexibility, too.
Once the job's over, that's it.
学习啦在线学习网 I'm not on their books any more.
Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
19.Why does Simon find his retired life enjoyable?
20.How does Simon get to know about the company's available posts?
21.Why does the company adopt the phased retirement scheme?
学习啦在线学习网 Conversation Two
W: Oh, where are we going?
学习啦在线学习网 M: I want to show you something.
学习啦在线学习网 W: I know, but what is it?
M: A farm. It's just down this road.
It's a small place, but at least it would be our own.
W: A farm? How can we afford to buy a farm?
学习啦在线学习网 M: It isn't very large, only 40 acres.
We wouldn't have to pay very much right now.
W: Is there a house on the place?
M: A small one, two bedrooms,
but it needs to be fixed up a little.
学习啦在线学习网 I can do the job myself.
学习啦在线学习网 W: OK. Is there enough space for a kitchen garden?
学习啦在线学习网 M: There is about half an acre around the house.
学习啦在线学习网 That's plenty of space.
W: Then we can grow our own fresh vegetables.
And maybe keep a few chickens, couldn't we?
M: Yes, and we can probably grow a lot of our own food.
学习啦在线学习网 W: What are you thinking about growing,
学习啦在线学习网 if we do take this place?
学习啦在线学习网 M: Well, it really isn't big enough for corn.
学习啦在线学习网 I thought we might try to raise a crop of potatoes.
学习啦在线学习网 W: Potatoes? There are a lot of work.
M: We are used to hard work, aren't we?
W: Yes, we are, but the money.
学习啦在线学习网 Do we have enough to get started?
学习啦在线学习网 It seems like a dream.
学习啦在线学习网 M: I think we've saved enough.
We can pay a little on the farm
and maybe put a few dollars down on the tractor, too.
Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
22.What are the speakers going to do at the time of the conversation?
23.What does the man say about the farm?
24.Why does the man intend to grow potatoes
学习啦在线学习网 rather than corn on the farm?
学习啦在线学习网 25.What is the woman's greatest concern about the man's plan?
大学英语四级听力真题2
Section B
Directions:
In this section, you will hear 3 short passages.
At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions.
学习啦在线学习网 Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once.
After you hear a question,
学习啦在线学习网 you must choose the best answer
学习啦在线学习网 from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D).
Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2
with a single line through the centre.
学习啦在线学习网 Passage One
学习啦在线学习网 Members of the city council and distinguished guests,
it is my privilege to introduce to you today Mr. Robert Washington,
学习啦在线学习网 chief of our city's police force.
He will address us on the subject of the Community Policing Program.
Most of you know that Mr. Washington has a distinguished record
学习啦在线学习网 as head of our police force for more than ten years.
学习啦在线学习网 However, you may not know
that he also holds a master's degree in criminology
and studied abroad for a year with the international police force
which deals with crimes around the world.
学习啦在线学习网 Mr. Washington first introduced the Community Policing Program 8 years ago.
学习啦在线学习网 The idea behind the program is to get the police officers
out of their cars and into our neighborhoods
学习啦在线学习网 where they can talk directly to merchants and residents
学习啦在线学习网 about the real dynamics of our city.
学习啦在线学习网 These officers do more than make arrests.
学习啦在线学习网 They try to find ways to help solve the problems
that contribute to crime in the first place.
Often that means hooking people up
学习啦在线学习网 with services offered by other city agencies,
such as schools, hospitals,
学习啦在线学习网 housing, drug treatment centers.
And the program seems to be working:
学习啦在线学习网 crime is down and our citizens report
学习啦在线学习网 that they feel more secure.
学习啦在线学习网 Today Mr. Washington is going to tell us more about this program.
学习啦在线学习网 Now let's welcome Mr. Robert Washington.
学习啦在线学习网 Questions 26 to 29 are based on the passage you have just heard.
26.What is the purpose of the speaker's remarks?
27.What does the speaker say about Mr. Robert Washington?
28.What is the idea behind the Community Policing Program?
29.How has the Community Policing Program turned out to be?
Passage Two
There are between 3000 and 6000 public languages in the world,
and we must add approximately 6 billion private languages
学习啦在线学习网 since each one of us necessarily has one.
Considering these facts,
the possibilities for breakdowns in communication seem infinite in number.
学习啦在线学习网 However, we do communicate successfully from time to time.
学习啦在线学习网 And we do learn to speak languages.
But learning to speak languages seems to be a very mysterious process.
For a long time,
学习啦在线学习网 people thought that we learned a language
only by imitation and association.
For example, a baby touches a hot pot and starts to cry.
The mother says, “Hot, hot!”
And the baby, when it stops crying,
学习啦在线学习网 imitates the mother and says, “Hot, hot!”
学习啦在线学习网 However, Noam Chomsky, a famous expert in language,
pointed out that although children do learn some words
by imitation and association,
学习啦在线学习网 they also combine words to make meaningful sentences
in ways that are unique,
unlearned and creative.
学习啦在线学习网 Because young children can make sentences they have never heard before,
学习啦在线学习网 Chomsky suggested that human infants
are born with the ability to learn language.
学习啦在线学习网 Chomsky meant that underneath all the differences
between public and private languages,
there is a universal language mechanism
that makes it possible for us, as infants,
学习啦在线学习网 to learn any language in the world.
学习啦在线学习网 This theory explains the potential
that human infants have for learning language.
But it does not really explain
how children come to use language in particular ways.
学习啦在线学习网 Questions 30 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.
30.Why does the speaker say
学习啦在线学习网 there are great possibilities for communication breakdowns?
31.What is Chomsky's point on the ability to learn a language?
学习啦在线学习网 32.What does Chomsky's theory fail to explain according to the speaker?
学习啦在线学习网 Passage Three
学习啦在线学习网 When US spacewoman Joan Higginbotham
学习啦在线学习网 is not flying and working in space,
学习啦在线学习网 she might be found somewhere on earth giving a speech.
学习啦在线学习网 Higginbotham, who grew up in Chicago
学习啦在线学习网 and became an engineer before joining NASA,
that is the National Air and Space Administration,
gives about a dozen speeches a year.
Each speech is different
because she tailors her remarks to each audience.
Through interviews and E-mails,
学习啦在线学习网 she finds out in advance her listeners educational level
and what information they want to know.
On the subject of space walks, for example,
audiences vary in their interests
学习啦在线学习网 and how much complexity they can comprehend.
To elementary school children,
Higginbotham may discuss a problem
学习啦在线学习网 that many kids want to know about.
“How do spacemen in a spacesuit eat,
drink, and go to the bathroom?”
学习啦在线学习网 Her answer is “the spacesuit is really a small spacecraft
with room for food and water-containers,
and a waste collection system.”
To a high school audience,
学习啦在线学习网 she might satisfy a curiosity that often arises
in her pre-speech interviews with students
学习啦在线学习网 who obviously have seen many science fiction movies.
"Do spacemen carry weapons in case they encounter enemies in space?"
Her answer is “No”.
To scientists, she might provide technical details
学习啦在线学习网 on such topics as the design of spacesuits that protects spacemen
from the deadly temperature extremes of space.
Just as elaborate preparation is required for success in space,
Higginbotham says that it's important for speakers
to learn as much as possible about their listeners
before a speech because every audience is different.
学习啦在线学习网 Questions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.
学习啦在线学习网 33.What did Joan Higginbotham do before joining in NASA?
学习啦在线学习网 34.How does Higginbotham prepare her speech on space walks?
35.What does the high school audience want to know about space travel?
大学英语四级听力真题3
Section C
学习啦在线学习网 Directions:
In this section, you will hear a passage three times.
When the passage is read for the first time,
学习啦在线学习网 you should listen carefully for its general idea.
When the passage is read for the second time,
you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43
with the exact words you have just heard.
学习啦在线学习网 For blanks numbered from 44 to 46
you are required to fill in the missing information.
学习啦在线学习网 For these blanks,
you can either use the exact words you have just heard
or write down the main points in your own words.
Finally, when the passage is read for the third time,
学习啦在线学习网 you should check what you have written.
Crime is increasing worldwide.
There is every reason to believe the trend
will continue through the next few decades.
Crime rates have always been high in multicultural,
industrialized societies such as the United States,
学习啦在线学习网 but a new phenomenon has appeared on the world scene
—rapidly rising crime rates in nations
that previously reported few offences.
学习啦在线学习网 Street crimes such as robbery, rape, murder,
and auto theft are clearly rising,
学习啦在线学习网 particularly in eastern European countries such as Hungary
and in western European nations such as the Untied Kingdom.
What is driving this crime explosion?
学习啦在线学习网 There are no simple answers.
Still, there are certain conditions associated with rising crime:
increasing heterogeneity of population,
学习啦在线学习网 greater cultural pluralism, higher immigration,
democratization of governments, changing national borders,
学习啦在线学习网 greater economic growth
and the lack of accepted social ideas of right and wrong.
These conditions are increasingly observable around the world.
For instance, cultures that were previously isolated and homogenous,
such as Japan, Denmark, and Greece,
学习啦在线学习网 are now facing the sort of cultural variety
学习啦在线学习网 that has been common in America for most of its history.
学习啦在线学习网 Multiculturalism can be a rewarding, enriching experience,
学习啦在线学习网 but it can also lead to a clash of values.
Heterogeneity in societies
will be the rule in the twenty first century,
and failure to recognize and plan for such diversity
can lead to serious crime problems.
Crime is increasing worldwide.
学习啦在线学习网 There is every reason to believe the trend
will continue through the next few decades.
Crime rates have always been high in multicultural,
学习啦在线学习网 industrialized societies such as the United States,
but a new phenomenon has appeared on the world scene
学习啦在线学习网 —rapidly rising crime rates in nations
学习啦在线学习网 that previously reported few offences.
Street crimes such as robbery, rape, murder,
学习啦在线学习网 and auto theft are clearly rising,
particularly in eastern European countries such as Hungary
学习啦在线学习网 and in western European nations such as the Untied Kingdom.
What is driving this crime explosion?
There are no simple answers.
学习啦在线学习网 Still, there are certain conditions associated with rising crime:
increasing heterogeneity of population,
greater cultural pluralism, higher immigration,
学习啦在线学习网 democratization of governments, changing national borders,
greater economic growth
and the lack of accepted social ideas of right and wrong.
学习啦在线学习网 These conditions are increasingly observable around the world.
For instance, cultures that were previously isolated and homogenous,
such as Japan, Denmark, and Greece,
are now facing the sort of cultural variety
that has been common in America for most of its history.
学习啦在线学习网 Multiculturalism can be a rewarding, enriching experience,
but it can also lead to a clash of values.
Heterogeneity in societies
学习啦在线学习网 will be the rule in the twenty first century,
and failure to recognize and plan for such diversity
can lead to serious crime problems.
Crime is increasing worldwide.
There is every reason to believe the trend
will continue through the next few decades.
Crime rates have always been high in multicultural,
industrialized societies such as the United States,
but a new phenomenon has appeared on the world scene
—rapidly rising crime rates in nations
that previously reported few offences.
学习啦在线学习网 Street crimes such as robbery, rape, murder,
and auto theft are clearly rising,
particularly in eastern European countries such as Hungary
and in western European nations such as the Untied Kingdom.
What is driving this crime explosion?
学习啦在线学习网 There are no simple answers.
Still, there are certain conditions associated with rising crime:
学习啦在线学习网 increasing heterogeneity of population,
学习啦在线学习网 greater cultural pluralism, higher immigration,
学习啦在线学习网 democratization of governments, changing national borders,
学习啦在线学习网 greater economic growth
and the lack of accepted social ideas of right and wrong.
These conditions are increasingly observable around the world.
For instance, cultures that were previously isolated and homogenous,
学习啦在线学习网 such as Japan, Denmark, and Greece,
are now facing the sort of cultural variety
that has been common in America for most of its history.
Multiculturalism can be a rewarding, enriching experience,
but it can also lead to a clash of values.
Heterogeneity in societies
will be the rule in the twenty first century,
and failure to recognize and plan for such diversity
学习啦在线学习网 can lead to serious crime problems.
|||
学习啦在线学习网 Part III Listening Comprehension
学习啦在线学习网 Section A
Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A),B),C)and D),and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
11.A)Only true friendship can last long.
学习啦在线学习网 B)Letter writing is going out of style.
学习啦在线学习网 C)She keeps in regular touch with her classmates.
D)She has lost contact with most of her old friends.
12. A) A painter. C) A porter.
B) A mechanic. D) A carpenter.
13. A) Look for a place near her office. C) Make inquiries elsewhere.
B) Find a new job down the street. D) Rent the 0 apartment.
14.A) He prefers to wear jeans with a larger waist.
B) He has been extremely busy recently.
C) He has gained some weight lately.
D) He enjoyed going shopping with Jane yesterday.
15.A)The woman possesses a natural for art.
B) Women have a better artistic taste than men.
学习啦在线学习网 C) He isn’t good at abstract thinking.
D) He doesn’t like abstract paintings.
学习啦在线学习网 16.A) She couldn’t have left her notebook in the library.
B) she may have put her notebook amid the journals.
C) she should have made careful notes while doing reading.
D) she shouldn’t have read his notes without his knowing it.
17. A)she wants to get some sleep C) she has a literature class to attend
学习啦在线学习网 B) she needs time to write a paper D)she is troubled by her sleep problem
学习啦在线学习网 18.A)He is confident he will get the job.
B)His chance of getting the job is slim.
学习啦在线学习网 C)It isn’t easy to find a qualified sales manager.
学习啦在线学习网 D)The interview didn’t go as well as he expected.
学习啦在线学习网 Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
学习啦在线学习网 19.A)He can manage his time more flexibly.
学习啦在线学习网 B)He can renew contact with his old friends.
C)He can concentrate on his own projects.
D)He can learn to do administrative work.
20.A)Reading its ads in the newspapers.
学习啦在线学习网 B)Calling its personnel department.
学习啦在线学习网 C)Contacting its manager.
D)Searching its website.
21.A)To cut down its production expenses.
B)To solve the problem of staff shortage.
C)To improve its administrative efficiency.
D)To utilize its retired employees’ resources.
学习啦在线学习网 Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
学习啦在线学习网 22.A)Buy a tractor.
学习啦在线学习网 B)Fix a house.
C)See a piece of property.
学习啦在线学习网 D)Sing a business contract.
23.A)It is only forty miles form where they live.
学习啦在线学习网 B)It is a small one with a two-bedroom house.
C)It was a large garden with fresh vegetables.
D)It has a large garden with fresh vegetables.
24.A)Growing potatoes will involve less labor.
学习啦在线学习网 B)Its soil may not be very suitable for corn.
学习啦在线学习网 C)It may not be big enough for raising corn.
学习啦在线学习网 D)Raising potatoes will be more profitable.
25A)Finances
学习啦在线学习网 B)Equipment
C)Labor
D)Profits
Section B
学习啦在线学习网 Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
26 A)To introduce the chief of the city’s police force
学习啦在线学习网 B)To comment on a talk by a distinguished guest
学习啦在线学习网 C)To address the issue of community security
学习啦在线学习网 D)To explain the functions of the city council
学习啦在线学习网 27 A)He has distinguished himself in city management
B)He is head of the International Police Force
C)He completed his higher education abroad
D)He holds a master’s degree in criminology
学习啦在线学习网 28 A)To coordinate work among police departments
学习啦在线学习网 B)To get police officers closer to the local people
C)To help the residents in times of emergency
学习啦在线学习网 D)To enable the police to take prompt action
29 A)Popular
B)discouraging
学习啦在线学习网 C)effective
学习啦在线学习网 D)controversial
Passage Two
学习啦在线学习网 30 A)people differ greatly in their ability to communicate
学习啦在线学习网 B)there are numerous languages in existence
学习啦在线学习网 C)Most public languages are inherently vague
学习啦在线学习网 D)Big gaps exist between private and public languages
学习啦在线学习网 31 A)it is a sign of human intelligence
B)in improves with constant practice
C)it is something we are born with
D)it varies from person to person
32 A)how private languages are developed
B)how different languages are related
学习啦在线学习网 C)how people create their languages
D)how children learn to use language
Passage Three
学习啦在线学习网 33 A)she was a tailor
B)she was an engineer
C)she was an educator
学习啦在线学习网 D)she was a public speaker
34.
A)Basing them on science-fiction movies.
B) Including interesting examples in them
学习啦在线学习网 C) Adjusting them to different audiences
学习啦在线学习网 D) Focusing on the latest progress in space science
35.
学习啦在线学习网 A) Whether spacemen carry weapons
B) How spacesuits protect spacemen
学习啦在线学习网 C) How NASA trains its spacemen
学习啦在线学习网 D) What spacemen cat and drink
学习啦在线学习网 Section C
学习啦在线学习网 Directions : In this section .you will hear a passage three time. When the passage is read for first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. when the passage is read for the first time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36to43 with the exact words you have just heard. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
Crime is increasing world wide. There is every reason to believe the ____will continue through the next few decades.
Crime rates have always been high in multicultural, industrialized societies such as the United States, but a new____has appeared on the world____rapidly rising crime rates in nations that previously reported few____. Street crimes such as robbery, rape ___and auto theft are clearly rising___in eastern European countries such as Hungary and in western European nations such as the united Kingdom.
What is driving this crime ____?There are no simple answers. Still，there are certain conditions _______with rising crime increasing heterogeneity of populations, greater cultural pluralism, higher immigration, democratization of government, ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
学习啦在线学习网 These conditions are increasingly observable around the world . For instance, cultures that were previously isolated and homogeneous ,such as Japan, Denmark and Greece ____________________________________________________________________________
学习啦在线学习网 Multiculturalism can be a rewarding, enriching experience, but it can also lead to a clash of values. Heterogeneity in societies will be the rule in the twenty-first century, and _________________________________________________
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学习啦在线学习网 2008年12月四级听力答案(上海版)
11. D) She has lost contact with most of her old friends.
12. D) A carpenter.
13. C) Make inquires elsewhere.
学习啦在线学习网 14. C) He has gained some weight lately.
15. D) He doesn’t like abstract paintings.
16. B) She may have put her notebook amid the journals.
17. A) She wants to get some sleep.
18. B) His chance of getting the job is slim.
学习啦在线学习网 19. A He can manage his time more flexible.
学习啦在线学习网 20. D Searching its website.
21. D To utilize its retired employee’s resources.
22 C See a piece of property.
23. B It is a small one with a two-bedroom house.
24. C It may now be big enough for raising corn.
25. A Finances.
26. A) To introduce the chief of the city’ police force.
27. D) He holds a master’s degree in criminology.
学习啦在线学习网 28. B) To get police officers closer to the local people.
学习啦在线学习网 29. C) Effective.
30. B) There are numerous languages in existence.
学习啦在线学习网 31. C) It is something we are born with.
学习啦在线学习网 32. D) How children learn to use language.
33. B) She was an engineer.
34. C) Adjusting them to different audiences.
35. A) Whether spacemen carry weapons.
Crime is increasing worldwide. There is every reason to believe the trend will continue through the next few decades. Crime rates have always been high in multicultural industrialized societies such as the United States. But a new phenomenon has appeared on the world scene, rapidly rising crime rates in nations that previously reported few offenses. Street crimes such as robbery, rape, murder and auto theft are clearly rising, particularly in eastern European countries such as Hungary and in western European nations such as the United Kingdom. What is driving this crime explosion? There are no simple answers. Still, there’re certain conditions associated with rising crime. Increasing heterogeneity of populations, greater cultural pluralism, higher immigration, democratization of governments, changing national borders, greater economic growth, and the lack of accepted social ideas of right and wrong. These conditions are increasing observable around the world. For instance, cultures that were previously isolated and homogeneous such as Japan, Denmark, and Greece are now facing the sort of cultural variety that has been common in America for most of its history. Multiculturalism can be a rewarding, enriching experience, but it can also lead to a clash of values. Heterogeneity in societies will be the rule in the 21st century, and failure to recognize and plan for such diversity can lead to serious crime problems.
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