怎么做好新托福阅读题型--指代题
指代题是托福阅读中的一种题型，下面小编就来分享一下如何才能做好它。
新托福阅读题型--指代题
Reference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )指代题
指代题是比较“鸡肋”的一种题，由于它难度不高，现在在托福考试中出现的概率已经低了很多。尤其第三版的官方指南中新增加的三篇文章，竟然一道指代题都没有，这也许说明了ETS的一种态度和出题的动向。但是指代题的原理，我们的同学必须要掌握。因为虽然也许你碰到指代题的概率低了很多，但是ETS在插入句子题、简化句子题或者推断题等题目，用代词来做主语，你不得不去确定这个代词主语到底指代的是前文中的什么才能继续解题。所以我们说这是一种很鸡肋的题型，同学们可以复习一下定语从句以及代词等方面的相关语法，分析一些例题，应该可以很好地应付这种题型。
托福阅读指代题解题思路及步骤
一、问题形式
被考的文章中有一个词或词组被加亮，这个词通常是一个代词或名词。指代题的形式如下：
The word (or phrase) X in the passage refers to
二、解题步骤
学习啦在线学习网 1. 根据解题技巧确定答案
2. 代入原文验证，看语义、逻辑和语法上是否通顺
三、基本原则
1. 就近指代
学习啦在线学习网 所谓就近指代，就是被指代对象通常在指代词前不远处，如本句或上一句中。有时也出现在更前面的一句中。例如，
Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy. Researchers are evaluating how serious this problem is and hope to find ways to eliminate or sharply reduce this problem.
学习啦在线学习网 The phrase this problem in the passage refers to interference with the flight patterns of migrating birds in certain areas building ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines meeting the demands of environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy
本题涉及的是一个词组this problem。寻找这一词组的指代对象时只需向上搜索就行。根据就近原则，前一句中的主语the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines可以初步确定为答案。将其代入原文，符合语义和逻辑，因此第三个选项为正确答案。第一个选项和第三个选项都和this problem相距较远，而且代入时语义和逻辑上不通，因此为干扰选项。
2. 数格一致
被指代对象通常与指代词在数(如单数或复数)和格(主格或宾格)两方面相同。如单数代词one指代单数名词，复数代词they指代复数名词。
四、主要思路
学习啦在线学习网 1. 主从复合句中的指代
学习啦在线学习网 在主从复合句中，第二句的代词主语经常指代第一句的名词主语。例如，
The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours.
学习啦在线学习网 The word they in the passage refers to
学习啦在线学习网 ?qualities
?fins
?grooves
?depressions
在这一例子中，从句so that they…中的代词主语they指代主句的名词主语the fins，因此第二个选项为正确答案。
如何解答托福阅读指代题?
托福阅读指代题目目前出的不是很多，我们只需要按照几个常用步骤解题就可以了。基本做法是一：向前找，二：主从句主语一致;三：注意数格 四：前文概括总结。
学习啦在线学习网 这一节按照主从一致的基本标准做3个题目
例一
学习啦在线学习网 From early times pots were used in both religious and secular contexts. The imperial court commissioned work and in the Yuan dynasty (A.D. 1279-1368) an imperial ceramic factory was established at Jingdezhen. Pots played an important part in some religious ceremonies. Long and often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist that assist in classifying pots, although these sometimes confuse an already large and complicated picture.
12. The word “these” in the passage refers to(2)
学习啦在线学习网 ○ religious ceremonies
○ descriptions
○ types of ware
○ pots
学习啦在线学习网 解析：画线句子中，although必然引导从句，所以these 应和主句的主语一样。主句Long and often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist that assist in classifying pots,中，因为状语和of之后的后置定语都不是主要,tion又一定是名词后缀。所以tions一定就是主句主语。因此答案是B. 看似很难的题目，很简单就可以得出结论。
例二
学习啦在线学习网 Animals need natural periodic signals like sunrise to maintain a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours. Such an external cue not only coordinates an animal's daily rhythms with particular features of the local solar day but also—because it normally does so day after day-seems to keep the internal clock's period close to that of Earth's rotation.
学习啦在线学习网 11. The word “it” in the passage refers to (1)
○ an external cue such as sunrise
○ the daily rhythm of an animal
○ the local solar day
学习啦在线学习网 ○ a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours
学习啦在线学习网 解这个题，同样的道理我们一眼落实到这个句子上了Such an external cue not only coordinates an animal's daily rhythms with particular features of the local solar day but also—because it normally does。。。;it 肯定和主句主语一致。找一下：not only do but also do明显是动词，前面的一定是主语。答案a
例三：语序错乱，一样找
They were designed to be put in places where these beings could manifest themselves in order to be the recipients of ritual actions. Thus it made sense to show the statue looking ahead at what was happening in front of it, so that the living performer of the ritual could interact with the divine or deceased recipient. Very often such statues were enclosed in rectangular shrines or wall niches whose only opening was at the front, making it natural for the statue to display frontality. Other statues were designed to be placed within an architectural setting, for instance, in front of the monumental entrance gateways to temples known as pylons, or in pillared courts, where they would be placed against or between pillars: their frontality worked perfectly within the architectural context.
The word “they” in the passage refers to (1)
○ statues
○ gateways
○ temples
学习啦在线学习网 ○ pillared courts
学习啦在线学习网 这个题我们应该落实到画线句子。Where引导的从句是必然了。那主句的主语在哪里?我们看到前面有效标点符号或者说,明显界标性质的地方是for instance,而后面不成一句(地点怎么会是一句话呢)所以我们界定这个for instance作为插入语是在影响我们思维的，那么删掉好了。往前找，主语是Other statues，很明显没有跟它争的了：) 因为后面是动词“是”。直接找ABCD里面有Other statues的就好了。A.
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