新托福阅读试题一共多少题

时间：2024-03-10 04:54:09 楚薇20由分享

托福阅读一直都是中国考生的短板，但是如果你想去一所优越的大学你就不能放弃，今天小编先来讲一下托福阅读一共多少题?了解题型了我们才能更好地备考。

新托福阅读试题一共多少题

托福阅读题型有哪些?

题目类型包括：图表题(schematic table)，篇章总结题(prose summary)(从给出的选项中选择能够概括文章内容的句子)，词汇题(vocabulary)(在一定的上下文中)，指代关系题 (reference)，简化句子题(sentence simplification)，插入文本题(insert text)，事实信息题(factual information)，推断题(inference)，修辞目的题(rhetorical purpose)以及否定排除题(negative factual information)(例如，下列各项均正确除……之外。)在完成答题的过程中，考生可以使用“复查”功能瞬间找出没有回答的题目，而不必每道题都检查一遍。

下面我们来看下具体的评分转换标准如下：

原始分=最终得分

42--41=30

学习啦在线学习网40--39=27--30

38=28

学习啦在线学习网37--36=26--28

学习啦在线学习网35--33=25--27

32=23--25

31--30=22-24

29=20--22

28--27=19--22

26=19--21

学习啦在线学习网25--24=18--21

23=16--18

22--21=15--18

20=14--16

19--17=12--16

16--15=9--15

14=9--13

13--12=5--13

11=3--13

10--9=0--13

8=0--11

7--1=0--4

托福阅读TPO32第1篇:Plant Colonization

【1】Colonization is one way in which plants can change the ecology of a site. Colonization is a process with two components: invasion and survival. The rate at which a site is colonized by plants depends on both the rate at which individual organisms (seeds, spores, immature or mature individuals) arrive at the site and their success at becoming established and surviving. Success in colonization depends to a great extent on there being a site available for colonization—a safe site where disturbance by fire or by cutting down of trees has either removed competing species or reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions to a level at which the invading species can become established. For a given rate of invasion, colonization of a moist, fertile site is likely to be much more rapid than that of a dry, infertile site because of poor survival on the latter. A fertile, plowed field is rapidly invaded by a large variety of weeds, whereas a neighboring construction site from which the soil has beencompacted or removed to expose a coarse, infertile parent material may remain virtually free of vegetation for many months or even years despite receiving the same input of seeds as the plowed field.

学习啦在线学习网【2】Both the rate of invasion and the rate of extinction vary greatly among different plant species. Pioneer species—those that occur only in the earliest stages of colonization—tend to have high rates of invasion because they produce very large numbers of reproductive propagules (seeds, spores, and so on) and because they have an efficient means of dispersal (normally, wind).

学习啦在线学习网【3】If colonizers produce short-lived reproductive propagules, then they must produce very large numbers unless they have an efficient means of dispersal to suitable new habitats. Many plants depend on wind for dispersal and produce abundant quantities of small, relatively short-lived seeds to compensate for the fact that wind is not always a reliable means of reaching the appropriate type of habitat. Alternative strategies have evolved in some plants, such as those that produce fewer but larger seeds that are dispersed to suitable sites by birds or small mammals or those that produce long-lived seeds. Many forest plants seem to exhibit the latter adaptation, and viable seeds of pioneer species can be found in large numbers on some forest floors. For example, as many as 1,125 viable seeds per square meter were found in a 100-year-old Douglas fir/western hemlock forest in coastal British Columbia. Nearly all the seeds that had germinated from this seed bank were from pioneer species. The rapid colonization ofsuch sites after disturbance is undoubtedly in part a reflection of the large seed bank on the forest floor.

【4】An adaptation that is well developed in colonizing species is a high degree of variation in germination (the beginning of a seed's growth). Seeds of a given species exhibit a wide range of germination dates, increasing the probability that at least some of the seeds will germinate during a period of favorable environmental conditions. This is particularly important for species that colonize an environment where there is no existing vegetation to ameliorate climatic extremes and in which there may be great climatic diversity.

学习啦在线学习网【5】Species succession in plant communities, i.e., the temporal sequence of appearance and disappearance of species is dependent on events occurring at different stages in the life history of a species. Variation in rates of invasion and growth plays an important role in determining patterns of succession, especially secondary succession. The species that are first to colonize a site are those that produce abundant seed that is distributed successfully to new sites. Such species generally grow rapidly and quickly dominate new sites, excluding other species with lower invasion and growth rates. The first community that occupies a disturbed area therefore may be composed of species with the highest rate of invasion, whereas the community of the subsequent stage may consist of plants with similar survival rates but lower invasion rates.

1.According to paragraph 1, how does disturbance of a site influence its colonization by a plant species?

学习啦在线学习网A.Disturbance reduces or eliminates competition by other species.

B.Disturbance increases negative interactions with other organisms on the site.

C.Disturbance prevents a plant species from colonizing a new site.

D.Disturbance reduces the fertility of a site.

2.The word "virtually" in the passage (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to

学习啦在线学习网A.almost totally.

B.unusually.

C.consistently.

D.unnaturally.

3.Why does the author mention a plowed field and a construction site in the passage?

A.To argue that sites that have been affected by human activity tend to be colonized slowly.

学习啦在线学习网B.To illustrate the kind of sites that may be invaded by weeds.

C.To contrast sites in terms of their suitability for colonization.

D.To explain that exposing or compacting the soil results in successful colonization.

学习啦在线学习网4.The word "despite"(paragraph 1) in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.without.

B.almost never.

学习啦在线学习网C.even though.

D.perhaps.

学习啦在线学习网5.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage (paragraph 2)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

学习啦在线学习网A.The seeds of pioneer species are usually carried by the wind to fertile sites, where they reproduce very efficiently.

学习啦在线学习网B.Pioneer species are successful invaders because they produce lots of seeds that are dispersed effectively.

学习啦在线学习网C.Pioneer species produce their largest numbers of propagules during the earliest stages of their colonization.

D.Pioneer species reproduce very quickly and efficiently because they produce very large number of seeds.

学习啦在线学习网6.What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the reason that large seeds are dispersed by birds or small animals rather than by wind?

A.Large seeds are easier for birds and animals to see than are the small seeds dispersed by the wind.

B.Large seeds are too heavy for the wind to disperse.

C.Large seeds cannot be eaten by birds and animals.

学习啦在线学习网D.Large seeds are short-lived and thus require a more efficient means of dispersal than small seeds do.

7.The phrase "the latter adaptation" in the passage (paragraph 3) refers to

A.producing fewer seeds.

B.producing larger seeds.

C.dispersal by birds and small mammals.

学习啦在线学习网D.producing long-lived seeds.

8.The word "viable" in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to

学习啦在线学习网A.able to survive.

学习啦在线学习网B.individual.

C.large.

D.remaining.

9.The example of the 100-year-old Douglas fir/western hemlock forest in paragraph to illustrates which of the following ideas?

A.It is uncommon for older seed to germinate.

B.Pioneer species tend to prefer forest floors for colonization purposes.

C.Long-lived seeds of pioneer species can successfully germinate over long periods of time.

D.Coastal British Columbia is particularly suited for pioneer species to develop.

学习啦在线学习网10.According to paragraph 4, how do plants manage to germinate in areas with great climatic diversity and climatic extremes?

A.By producing seeds only during favorable climatic conditions.

B.By generating large numbers of seeds.

C.By colonizing only those areas where other plants have survived.

学习啦在线学习网D.By producing seeds that have a wide range of germination dates.

11.The word "abundant〃 in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to

A.new.

B.improved.

学习啦在线学习网C.suitable.

学习啦在线学习网D.plentiful.

学习啦在线学习网12.According to paragraph 5, which of the following determines the sequence in which plant species will colonize a site?

A.The extent of growth of a species on a prior site before it begins to colonize a secondary site.

学习啦在线学习网B.The differences in invasion and growth rates across species.

学习啦在线学习网C.The degree of fertility of a site.

学习啦在线学习网D.The kind of disturbance that the site has undergone.

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where does the sentence best fit? They require relatively little protection or nutrients.

Species succession in plant communities, i.e., the temporal sequence of appearance and disappearance of species is dependent on events occurring at different stages in the life history of a species.■【A】Variation in rates of invasion and growth plays an important role in determining patterns of succession, especially secondary succession.■【B】The species that are first to colonize a site are those that produce abundant seed that is distributed successfully to new sites.■【C】Such species generally grow rapidly and quickly dominate new sites, excluding other species with lower invasion and growth rates. The first community that occupies a disturbed area therefore may be composed of species with the highest rate of invasion, whereas the community of the subsequent stage may consist of plants with similar survival rates but lower invasion rates.■【D】

学习啦在线学习网14. Prose Summary

学习啦在线学习网The ecology of a site is changed through its colonization by new plants that arrive and grow there.

A.The species that first colonize a disturbed site are typically ones that produce a large number of efficiently dispersed seeds.

B.Plants that cannot successfully compete with other species can invade and colonize a site only if it is fertile and moist, such as a plowed field.

C.Pioneer species arrive at a site first but have lower survival rates than do species that arrive later.

D.Producing seeds that germinate at various times over long periods allows some plants to colonize sites that only occasionally present the right conditions for growth.

E.Large, long-lived seeds tend to result in large seed banks with short germination periods requiring favorable environmental conditions for development.

学习啦在线学习网F.The successive appearance and disappearance of species on a site is a result of variation in species' rates of invasion, growth, and survival.