学习啦在线学习网D) The concept of gamification is not entirely new, Werbach says. Companies, marketers and teachershave long looked for fun ways to engage people's reward-seeking or competitive spirits. Cracker Jackshas been "gamifying" its snack food by putting a small prize inside for more than 100 years, headds, and the turn-of-the-century steel magnate (巨头) Charles Schwab is said to have often comeinto his factory and written the number of tons of steel produced on the past shift on the factoryfloor, thus motivating the next shift of workers to beat the previous one.

E) But the word "gamification" and the widespread, conscious application of the concept only beganin earnest about five years ago, Werbach says. Thanks in part to video games, the generation nowentering the workforce is especially open to the idea of having their work gamified. "We are at apoint where in much of the developed world the vast majority of young people grew up playingvideo games, and an increasingly high percentage of adults play these video games too," Werbachsays.

F) A number of companies have sprung up--GamEffective, Bunchbail and Badgeville, to name a few--in recent years offering gamification platforms for businesses. The platforms that are most effectiveturn employees' ordinary job tasks into part of a rich adventure narrative. "What makes a gamegame-like is that the player actually cares about the outcome," Werbach says. "The principle isabout understanding what is motivating to this group of players, which requires some understandingof psychology. "

G) Some people, Werbach says, are motivated by competition.Sales people often fall into thiscategory. For them, the right kind of gamification might be turning their saies pitches into acompetition with other team members, complete with a digital leaderboard showing who is winningat all times. Others are more motivated by collaboration and social experiences. One companyWerbach has studied uses gamification to create a sense of community and boost employees' morale(士气). When employees log in to their computers, they're shown a picture of one of theircoworkers and asked to guess that person's name.

学习啦在线学习网H) Gamification does not have to be digital. Monica Cornetti runs a company that gamifies employeetrainings. Sometimes this involves technology, but often it does not. She recently designed agamification strategy for a saies training company with a storm-chasing theme. Employees formed"storm chaser teams" and competed in storm-themed educational exercises to earn variousrewards. "Rewards do not have to be stuff," Cornetti says. "Rewards can be flexible workinghours. " Another training, this one for pay roll law, used a Snow White and the Seven Dwarfstheme. "Snow White" is available for everyone to use, but the "dwarfs" are still under copyright,so Cornetti invented sound-alike characters (Grumpy Gus, Dopey Dan) to illustrate specific pay rolllaw principles.

学习啦在线学习网I) Some people do not take naturaily to gamified work environments, Cornetti says.In herexperience, people in positions of power or people in finance or engineering do not tend to like thesound of the word. "If we are designing for engineers, I'm not talking about a ' game' at all,"Cornetti says. "I'm talking about a ' simulation' (模拟), I'm talking about ' being able to solvethis problem. '"

学习啦在线学习网J) Gamification is " not a magic bullet," Werbach warns.A gamification strategy that is notsufficiently thought through or well tailored to its players may engage people for a little while, but itwill not motivate people in the long term. It can also be exploitative, especially when used withvulnerable populations. For workers, especially low-paid workers, who desperately need their jobsyet know they can be easily replaced, gamification may feel more like the Hunger Games. Werbachgives the example of several Disneyland hotels in Anaheim, Caiifornia, which used large digital leaderboards to display how efficiently laundry workers were working compared to one another.Some employees found the board motivating. To others, it was the opposite of fun. Some began tostop taking bathroom breaks, worried that if their productivity fell they would be fired. Pregnantemployees struggled to keep up. In a Los Angeles Times article, one employee referred to the boardas a "digital whip. ""It actually had a very negative effect on morale and performance," Werbachsays.

K) Still, gamification only stands to become more popular, he says, "as more and more people comeinto the workforce who are familiar with the structures and expressions of digitai games. ""We arefar from reaching the peak," Cornetti agrees. "There is no reason this will go away. "

36. Some famous companies are already using gamification and more are trying to do the same.

学习啦在线学习网37. Gamification is not a miracle cure for all workplaces as it may have negative results.

学习啦在线学习网38. To enhance morale, one company asks its employees to identify their fellow workers when startingtheir computers.

学习啦在线学习网39. The idea of gamification was practiced by some businesses more than a century ago.

40. There is reason to believe that gamification will be here to stay.

41. Video games contributed in some ways to the wide application of gamification.

学习啦在线学习网42. When turning work into a game, it is necessary to understand what makes games interesting.

学习啦在线学习网43. Gamification in employee training does not always need technology.

44. The most successful gamification platforms transform daily work assignments into fun experiences.

45. It is necessary to use terms other than "gamification" for some professions.

Section C

学习啦在线学习网Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions orunfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C andD . You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on AnswerSheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

学习啦在线学习网Passage One

学习啦在线学习网Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.

Recently I attended several meetings where we talked about ways to retain students and keepyounger faculty members from going elsewhere.

It seems higher education has become an industry of meeting-holders whose task it is to "solve"problems--real or imagined. And in my position as a professor at three different colleges, the actualproblems in educating our young people and older students have deepened, while the number of peoplehired--not to teach but to hold meetings--has increased significantly. Every new problem creates anew job for an administrative fixer. Take our Center for Teaching Excel学习啦在线学习网lence. Contrary to its title, thecenter is a clearing house (信息交流中心) for using technology in classrooms and in online courses.It's an administrative sham (欺诈) of the kind that has multiplied over the last 30 years.

学习啦在线学习网I offer a simple proposition in response: Many of our problems--class attendance, educationalsuccess, student happiness and well-being--might be improved by cutting down the bureaucratic ( 官僚的) mechanisms and meetings and instead hiring an army of good teachers. If we replaced half of ouradministrative staff with classroom teachers, we might actually get a majority of our classes back to 20or fewer students per teacher. This would be an environment in which teachers and students actuallyknew each other.

The teachers must be free to teach in their own way--the curriculum should be flexible enough sothat they can use their individual talents to achieve the goals of the course. Additionally, they should beallowed to teach, and be rewarded for doing it well. Teachers are not people who are great at andconsumed by research and happen to appear in a classroom. Good teaching and research are notexclusive, but they are also not automatic companions. Teaching is an art and a craft, talent andpractice; it is not something that just anyone can be good at. It is utterly confusing to me that peopledo not recognize this, despite the fact that pretty much anyone who has been a student can tell thedifference between their best and worst teachers.

46. What does the author say about present-day universities?

学习啦在线学习网A. They are effectively tackling real or imagined problems.

B. They often fail to combine teaching with research.

学习啦在线学习网C. They are over-burdened with admires" trative staff.

学习啦在线学习网D. They lack talent to fix their deepening problems.

47. According to the author, what kind of people do universities lack most?

A. Good classroom teachers.

学习啦在线学习网B. Efficient administrators.

学习啦在线学习网C. Talented researchers.

学习啦在线学习网D. Motivated students.

学习啦在线学习网48. What does the author imply about the classes at present?

学习啦在线学习网A. They facilitate students' independent learning.

B. They help students form closer relationships.

C. They have more older students than before.

学习啦在线学习网D. They are much bigger than is desirable.

学习啦在线学习网49. What does the author think of teaching ability?

学习啦在线学习网A. It requires talent and practice.

B. It is closely related to research.

学习啦在线学习网C. It is a chief factor affecting students' learning.

D. It can be acquired through persistent practice.

学习啦在线学习网50. What is the author's suggestion for improving university teaching?

学习啦在线学习网A. Creating an environment for teachers to share their teaching experiences.

学习啦在线学习网B. Hiring more classroom teachers and allowing them to teach in their own way.

学习啦在线学习网C. Using high technology in classrooms and promoting exchange of information.

学习啦在线学习网D. Cutting down meetings and encouraging administrative staff to go to classrooms.

学习啦在线学习网Passage Two

学习啦在线学习网Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.

学习啦在线学习网The secret to eating less and being happy about it may have been cracked years ago--byMcDonald's. According to a new study from Cornell University's Food and Brand Lab, small non-foodrewards--like the toys in McDonald's Happy Meals--stimulate the same reward centers in the brain asfood does.

学习啦在线学习网The researchers, led by Martin Reimann, carried out a series of experiments to see if people wouldchoose a smaller meal ff it was paired with a non-food item.

They found that the majority of both kids and adults opted for a haft-sized portion when combinedwith a prize. Both options were priced the same.

Even more interesting is that the promise of a future reward was enough to make adults choose thesmaller portion. One of the prizes used was a lottery ticket ( 彩票), with a , $ 50 or 0 payout,and this was as effective as a tangible gift in persuading people to eat less.

学习啦在线学习网"The fact that participants were willing to substitute part of a food item for the mere prospect of a

relatively small monetary award is interesting," says Reimann.

He theorizes that it is the emotional component of these intangible prizes that make them effective.In fact, vaguely-stated possibilities of winning a prize were more effective than options with hard oddsincluded.

学习啦在线学习网"One explanation for this finding is that possible awards may be more emotionally provoking thancertrainty Reimann." The of added attraction andawards,"saysuncertainty winningprovidesdesirability through emotional ' thrills. ' The possibility of receiving an award also produces a state ofhope--a state that is in itself psychologically rewarding. " In other words, there's a reason why peoplelike to gamble.

How might this knowledge be used to help people eat more healthily?

One possibility is a healthy option that offers the chance to win a spa (温泉疗养) weekend. Ormaybe the reward of a half-sized portion could be a half-sized dessert to be claimed only on a futuredate. That would get you back in the restaurant--and make you eat a little less.

学习啦在线学习网51. What do we learn about McDonald's inclusion of toys in its Happy Meals?

A. It may shed light on people's desire to crack a secret.

学习啦在线学习网B. It has proved to be key to McDonald's business success.

C. It appeals to kid's curiosity to fred out what is hidden inside.

D. It may be a pleasant way for kids to reduce their food intake.

52. What is the finding of the researchers led by Martin Reimann?

A. Reducing food intake is not that difficult if people go to McDonald's more.

学习啦在线学习网B. Most kids and adults don't actually feel hungry when they eat half of their meal.

学习啦在线学习网C. Eating a smaller portion of food does good to the health of kids and adults alike.

D. Most kids and adults would choose a smaller meal that came with a non-food item.

学习啦在线学习网53. What is most interesting in Martin Reimann's fmding?

A. Kids preferred an award in the form of money to one in the form of a toy.

学习啦在线学习网B. Adults chose the smaller portion on the mere promise of a future award.

C. Both kids and adults felt satisfied with only half of their meal portions.

学习啦在线学习网D. Neither children nor adults could resist the temptation of a free toy.

学习啦在线学习网54. How does Martin Reimann interpret his finding?

学习啦在线学习网A. The emotional component of the prizes is at work.

B. People now care more about quality than quantity.

C. People prefer certainty awards to possible awards.

D. The desire for a future reward is overwhelming.

学习啦在线学习网55. What can we infer from Martin Reimann's finding?

学习啦在线学习网A. People should eat much less if they wish to stay healthy and happy.

学习啦在线学习网B. More fast food restaurants are likely to follow McDonald's example.

C. We can lead people to eat less while helping the restaurant business.

D. More studies are needed to find out the impact of emotion on behavior.

Part IV

Translation

( 30 minutes )

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese intoEnglish. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.

在中国文化中，红色通常象征着好运、长寿和幸福。在春节学习啦在线学习网和其他喜庆场合，红色到处可见。人们把现金作为礼物送给家人或亲密朋友时，通常放在红信封里。红色在中国流行的另一个原因是人们把它与中国革命和共产党相联系。然而，红色并不总是代表好运和快乐。因为从前死者的名字常用红色书写，用红墨水书写中国人名被看成是一种冒犯行为。

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